Serbia

Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary

44 00 N, 21 00 E

Europe

77,474 sq km

77,474 sq km

0 sq km

Slightly smaller than South Carolina

2,322 km

Bosnia and Herzegovina 345 km; Bulgaria 344 km; Croatia 314 km; Hungary 164 km; Kosovo 366 km; North Macedonia 101 km; Montenegro 157 km; Romania 531 km

0 km (landlocked)

None (landlocked)

In the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)

Extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills

Midzor 2,169 m

Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m

442 m

Oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land

40.4% (2023 est.)

Arable land: 31% (2023 est.)

Permanent crops: 2.5% (2023 est.)

Permanent pasture: 6.6% (2023 est.)

40.4% (2023 est.)

27.2% (2023 est.)

550 sq km (2022)

Dunav (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

A fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Destructive earthquakes

Landlocked; controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East

6,652,212 (2024 est.)

3,242,751

3,409,461

Serb(s)

Serbian

Serb 83.3%, Hungarian 3.5%, Romani 2.1%, Bosniak 2%, other 5.7%, undeclared or unknown 3.4% (2011 est.)

Serbian (official) 88.1%, Hungarian 3.4%, Bosnian 1.9%, Romani 1.4%, other 3.4%, undeclared or unknown 1.8% (2011 est.)

Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Serbian Orthodox 81.1%, unknown 5.3%, Islam 4.2%, Catholic 3.9%, no response 2.5%, atheist 1.1%; less than 1%: other Christians, Protestant, agnostic (2022)

14.4% (male 492,963/female 463,995)

65.6% (male 2,198,591/female 2,168,113)

20% (2024 est.) (male 551,197/female 777,353)

52.3 (2024 est.)

21.9 (2024 est.)

30.4 (2024 est.)

3.3 (2024 est.)

44.1 years (2025 est.)

42.4 years

45.4 years

-0.6% (2025 est.)

8.72 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

14.66 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

A fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

57.1% of total population (2023)

0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

1.408 million BELGRADE (capital) (2023)

1.06 male(s)/female

1.06 male(s)/female

1.01 male(s)/female

0.71 male(s)/female

0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

28.2 years (2020 est.)

11 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

4.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

5.1 deaths/1,000 live births

3.9 deaths/1,000 live births

75.3 years (2024 est.)

72.7 years

78.1 years

1.47 children born/woman (2025 est.)

0.71 (2025 est.)

Urban: 95.4% of population (2022 est.)

Rural: 96.1% of population (2022 est.)

Total: 95.7% of population (2022 est.)

Urban: 4.6% of population (2022 est.)

Rural: 3.9% of population (2022 est.)

Total: 4.3% of population (2022 est.)

10% of GDP (2021)

13.7% of national budget (2022 est.)

3.1 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

5.4 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Urban: 99.7% of population (2022 est.)

Rural: 95.6% of population (2022 est.)

Total: 97.9% of population (2022 est.)

Urban: 0.3% of population (2022 est.)

Rural: 4.4% of population (2022 est.)

Total: 2.1% of population (2022 est.)

21.5% (2016)

7.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

3.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

1.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

2.37 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

0.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

36% (2025 est.)

37.8% (2025 est.)

34.5% (2025 est.)

1% (2019 est.)

54.3% (2022 est.)

1.2% (2019)

5.5% (2019)

3.4% of GDP (2023 est.)

8.4% national budget (2023 est.)

99.3% (2022 est.)

99.6% (2022 est.)

99.1% (2022 est.)

15 years (2022 est.)

14 years (2022 est.)

16 years (2022 est.)

Air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes in rivers; inadequate management of domestic, industrial, and hazardous waste

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

None of the selected agreements

In the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)

40.4% (2023 est.)

Arable land: 31% (2023 est.)

Permanent crops: 2.5% (2023 est.)

Permanent pasture: 6.6% (2023 est.)

40.4% (2023 est.)

27.2% (2023 est.)

57.1% of total population (2023)

0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

44.782 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

27.743 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

11.665 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

5.374 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

21.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

2.347 million tons (2024 est.)

1% (2022 est.)

702 million cubic meters (2022)

3.967 billion cubic meters (2022)

422 million cubic meters (2022)

162.2 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

1

Djerdap (2023)

Republic of Serbia

Serbia

Republika Srbija

Srbija

People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia

The country takes its name from the Serb people; the origin of their name is unclear but may derive from the Caucasian root word ser, meaning "man"

Parliamentary republic

Belgrade (Beograd)

44 50 N, 20 30 E

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

The name comes from the Serbian words beo (white) and grad (city); it probably referred to the white stone of the city fortress

117 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 28 cities (gradovi, singular - grad) municipalities: Ada*, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar*, Apatin*, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac*, Backa Palanka*, Backa Topola*, Backi Petrovac*, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej*, Bela Crkva*, Bela Palanka, Beocin*, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka*, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija*, Irig*, Ivanjica, Kanjiza*, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica*, Kovin*, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula*, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos*, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja*, Nova Varos, Novi Becej*, Novi Knezevac*, Odzaci*, Opovo*, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci*, Petrovac na Mlavi, Plandiste*, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma*, Secanj*, Senta*, Sid*, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran*, Sremski Karlovci*, Stara Pazova*, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin*, Titel*, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas*, Vrnjacka Banja, Zabalj*, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste*, Zitorada cities: Beograd (Belgrade), Bor, Cacak, Jagodina, Kikinda*, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad*, Pancevo*, Pirot, Pozarevac, Prokuplje, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor*, Sremska Mitrovica*, Subotica*, Uzice, Valjevo, Vranje, Vrsac*, Zajecar, Zrenjanin*

Civil law system

Many previous; latest adopted 30 September 2006, approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, effective 8 November 2006

Proposed by at least one third of deputies in the National Assembly, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition of at least 150,000 voters; passage of proposals and draft amendments each requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Assembly; amendments to constitutional articles including the preamble, constitutional principles, and human and minority rights and freedoms also require passage by simple majority vote in a referendum

Has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

No

At least one parent must be a citizen of Serbia

Yes

3 years

18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

President Aleksandar VUCIC (since 31 May 2017)

Prime Minister Djuro MACUT (since 16 April 2025)

Cabinet elected by the National Assembly

President directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister elected by the National Assembly

17 December 2023

2022: Aleksandar VUCIC reelected in first round; percent of vote - Aleksandar VUCIC (SNS) 60%, Zdravko PONOS (US) 18.9%, Milos JOVANOVIC (NADA) 6.1%, Bosko OBRADOVIC (Dveri-POKS) 4.5%, Milica DJURDJEVIC STAMENKOVSKI (SSZ) 4.3%, other 6.2% 2017: Aleksandar VUCIC elected president in first round; percent of vote - Aleksandar VUCIC (SNS) 55.1%, Sasa JANKOVIC (independent) 16.4%, Luka MAKSIMOVIC (independent) 9.4%, Vuk JEREMIC (independent) 5.7%, Vojislav SESELJ (SRS) 4.5%, other 7.3%, invalid/blank 1.6%; Prime Minister Ana BRNABIC reelected by the National Assembly on 5 October 2020; National Assembly vote - NA

2028

National Assembly (Narodna skupstina)

Unicameral

250 (all directly elected)

Proportional representation

Full renewal

4 years

12/17/2023

Aleksandar Vucic – Serbia Must Not Stop (129); Serbia Against Violence (65); Ivica Dacic - Prime Minister of Serbia (18); Dr Miloš Jovanović - Hope for Serbia (13); We – Voice of the People, Prof. Dr. Branimir Nestorovic (13); Other (12)

37.2%

December 2027

Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of 36 judges, including the court president); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)

Supreme Court justices proposed by the High Judicial Council (HJC), an 11-member independent body consisting of 8 judges elected by the National Assembly and 3 ex-officio members; justices appointed by the National Assembly; Constitutional Court judges elected - 5 each by the National Assembly, the president, and the Supreme Court of Cassation; initial appointment of Supreme Court judges by the HJC is 3 years and beyond that period tenure is permanent; Constitutional Court judges elected for 9-year terms

Basic courts, higher courts, appellate courts; courts of special jurisdiction include the Administrative Court, commercial courts, and misdemeanor courts

Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM or VMSZ Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina or DSHV Democratic Party or DS Ecological Uprising or EU Green - Left Front or ZLF Greens of Serbia or ZS Justice and Reconciliation Party or SPP (formerly Bosniak Democratic Union of Sandzak or BDZS) Movement for Reversal or PZP Movement for the Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia or POKS Movement of Free Citizens or PSG Movement of Socialists or PS National Democratic Alternative or NADA (electoral coalition includes NDSS and POKS) New Communist Party of Yugoslavia or NKPJ New Democratic Party of Serbia or NDSS or New DSS (formerly Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS) New Face of Serbia or NLS Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDAS Party of Freedom and Justice or SSP Party of United Pensioners, Farmers, and Proletarians of Serbia – Solidarity and Justice or PUPS - Solidarity and Justice (formerly Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS) People's Movement of Serbia or NPS People's Movement of Serbs from Kosovo and Metohija or Fatherland People's Peasant Party or NSS Political Battle of the Albanians Continues Russian Party or RS Serbia Against Violence or SPN (electoral coalition includes DS, SSP, ZLF, Zajedno, NPS, PSG, EU, PZP, USS Sloga, NLS, Fatherland) Serbia Must Not Stop (electoral coalitions includes SNS, SDPS, PUPS, PSS, SNP, SPO, PS, NSS, USS) Serbian People's Party or SNP Serbian Progressive Party or SNS Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS Strength of Serbia or PSS Together or ZAJEDNO United Peasant Party or USS United Serbia or JS United Trade Unions of Serbia "Sloga" or USS Sloga We - The Voice from the People or MI-GIN

Ambassador Dragan ŠUTANOVAC (since 24 July 2025)

1333 16th Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20036

[1] (202) 507-8654

[1] (202) 332-3933

Info@serbiaembusa.org http://www.washington.mfa.gov.rs/

Chicago, New York

Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Alexander TITOLO (since January 2025)

92 Bulevar kneza Aleksandra Karadjordjevica, 11040 Belgrade

5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070

[381] (11) 706-4000

[381] (11) 706-4481

Belgradeacs@state.gov https://rs.usembassy.gov/

BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

5 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 1217 (Serbian Kingdom established); 16 April 1346 (Serbian Empire established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Serbian independence); 1 December 1918 (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes established, later known as Yugoslavia)

Statehood Day, 15 February (1835), the day the first constitution of the country was adopted

Description: three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white; the national coat of arms is shifted to the left side; the principal field of the coat of arms displays a two-headed white eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle is divided into four quarters by a white cross; a royal crown is on top of the coat of arms meaning: red, blue, and white are the pan-Slav colors that represent freedom and revolutionary ideals; the eagle on a red shield represents the government; the smaller shield represents the country; the meaning and origin of the curved white symbols in each quarter are not clear

White double-headed eagle

Red, blue, white

"Boze pravde" (God of Justice)

Jovan DORDEVIC/Davorin JENKO

Adopted 1904; song originally written as part of a play in 1872, and the Serbian people have used it as an anthem in the 20th and 21st centuries

4 (all cultural)

Stari Ras and Sopoćani; Studenica Monastery; Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius; Stećci Medieval Tombstone Graveyards

Upper middle-income Balkan economy; current EU accession candidate; hit by COVID-19; pursuing green growth development; manageable public debt; new anticorruption efforts; falling unemployment; historic Russian relations; energy import-dependent

$177.093 billion (2024 est.)

$170.482 billion (2023 est.)

$164.166 billion (2022 est.)

3.9% (2024 est.)

3.8% (2023 est.)

2.6% (2022 est.)

$26,900 (2024 est.)

$25,700 (2023 est.)

$24,600 (2022 est.)

$89.084 billion (2024 est.)

4.7% (2024 est.)

12.4% (2023 est.)

12% (2022 est.)

3.1% (2024 est.)

23.3% (2024 est.)

58.5% (2024 est.)

62.7% (2024 est.)

17.8% (2024 est.)

23.6% (2024 est.)

2% (2024 est.)

52.7% (2024 est.)

-58.8% (2024 est.)

Maize, wheat, sugar beets, milk, sunflower seeds, soybeans, potatoes, barley, apples, plums (2023)

Automobiles, base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals

2.9% (2024 est.)

3.23 million (2024 est.)

7.4% (2024 est.)

8.3% (2023 est.)

8.5% (2022 est.)

22.7% (2024 est.)

21.8% (2024 est.)

24.1% (2024 est.)

20% (2021 est.)

32.8 (2022 est.)

24.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

7.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

2.4% (2022 est.)

24.7% (2022 est.)

7.1% of GDP (2023 est.)

8.5% of GDP (2022 est.)

6.9% of GDP (2021 est.)

$26.077 billion (2022 est.)

$28.12 billion (2022 est.)

73.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

23.9% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

-$1.947 billion (2023 est.)

-$4.457 billion (2022 est.)

-$2.654 billion (2021 est.)

$44.352 billion (2023 est.)

$39.905 billion (2022 est.)

$34.035 billion (2021 est.)

Germany 15%, Hungary 7%, Bosnia & Herzegovina 5%, Italy 5%, Romania 5% (2023)

Insulated wire, electricity, copper ore, plastic products, electric motors (2023)

$48.158 billion (2023 est.)

$47.395 billion (2022 est.)

$39.476 billion (2021 est.)

Germany 12%, China 10%, Italy 7%, Turkey 5%, Hungary 5% (2023)

Crude petroleum, natural gas, packaged medicine, plastic products, cars (2023)

$30.484 billion (2024 est.)

$27.569 billion (2023 est.)

$20.68 billion (2022 est.)

$21.726 billion (2023 est.)

Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar -

108.208 (2024 est.)

108.403 (2023 est.)

111.662 (2022 est.)

99.396 (2021 est.)

103.163 (2020 est.)

100% (2022 est.)

8.202 million kW (2023 est.)

34.413 billion kWh (2023 est.)

7.351 billion kWh (2023 est.)

5.395 billion kWh (2023 est.)

4.881 billion kWh (2023 est.)

65.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

2.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

30.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

0.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

33.219 million metric tons (2023 est.)

37.828 million metric tons (2023 est.)

16,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

4.542 million metric tons (2023 est.)

7.112 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

13,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

88,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

77.5 million barrels (2021 est.)

336.605 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

2.886 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

2.471 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

48.139 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

91.884 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

2.485 million (2023 est.)

37 (2023 est.)

8.53 million (2023 est.)

124 (2021 est.)

.rs

85% (2023 est.)

2.08 million (2023 est.)

31 (2023 est.)

YU

46 (2025)

11 (2025)

3,333 km (2020) 1,274 km electrified

Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Army (aka Land Forces; includes Riverine Component, consisting of a naval flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces, Serbian Guard Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs: Police Directorate (2025)

2.5% of GDP (2024 est.)

2.4% of GDP (2023 est.)

2.2% of GDP (2022 est.)

2.2% of GDP (2021 est.)

2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Approximately 25,000 active-duty Armed Forces (15,000 Land Forces; 5,000 Air/Air Defense; 5,000 other, including Serbian Guard) (2025)

The military's inventory consists of a mix of Soviet/Cold War-era and some more modern weapons systems from suppliers such as China, France, and Russia; Serbia has a defense industry focused on armored vehicles, artillery systems, and munitions (2025)

18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished in 2011 (2025)

180 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2025)

The Serbian military is responsible for defense and deterrence against external threats, supporting international peacekeeping operations, and providing support to civil authorities for internal security; specific areas of concerns for the military include ethnic and religious extremism, separatism, and deepening international recognition of Kosovo; Serbia has cooperated with NATO since 2006, when it joined the Partnership for Peace program, and the military trains with NATO countries, particularly other Balkan states; Serbia has participated in EU peacekeeping missions, as well as missions under the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the UN; it traditionally has maintained close security ties with Russia and has a growing security relationship with China the modern Serbian military was established in 2006 but traces its origins back through World War II, World War I, the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, and the Bulgarian-Serb War of 1885 to the First (1804-1813) and Second (1815-1817) Uprisings against the Ottoman Empire (2025)

36,270 (2024 est.)

194,171 (2024 est.)

1,715 (2024 est.)