Bosnia and Herzegovina Facts, Map, Population, GDP

Capital

Sarajevo

Population

3,653,499 (2025 est.)

Area

51,197 sq km

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia

🧭 Background

After four centuries of Ottoman rule over Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary took control in 1878 and held the region until 1918, when it was incorporated into the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. After World War II, Bosnia and Herzegovina joined the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the SFRY on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. Bosnian Serb militias, with the support of Serbia and Croatia, then tried to take control of territories they claimed as their own. From 1992 to 1995, ethnic cleansing campaigns killed thousands and displaced more than two million people. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement, and the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995. The Dayton Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multiethnic and democratic government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the predominantly Bosniak-Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the predominantly Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Dayton Accords also established the Office of the High Representative to oversee the agreement's implementation. In 1996, the NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) took over responsibility for enforcing the peace. In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. As of 2022, EUFOR deploys around 1,600 troops in Bosnia in a peacekeeping capacity. Bosnia and Herzegovina became an official candidate for EU membership in 2022.

🗺️ Geography

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia

Geographic coordinates

44 00 N, 18 00 E

Map references

Europe

Area — total

51,197 sq km

Area — land

51,187 sq km

Area — water

10 sq km

Area - comparative

Slightly smaller than West Virginia

Land boundaries — total

1,543 km

Land boundaries — border countries

Croatia 956 km; Montenegro 242 km; Serbia 345 km

Coastline

20 km

Maritime claims

NA

Climate

Hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast

Terrain

Mountains and valleys

Elevation — highest point

Maglic 2,386 m

Elevation — lowest point

Adriatic Sea 0 m

Elevation — mean elevation

500 m

Natural resources

Coal, iron ore, antimony, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower

Land use — agricultural land

21.7% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: arable land

Arable land: 7.2% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: permanent crops

Permanent crops: 1.4% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: permanent pasture

Permanent pasture: 12.8% (2023 est.)

Land use — forest

42.2% (2023 est.)

Land use — other

36.1% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land

30 sq km (2012)

Major watersheds (area sq km) — Atlantic Ocean drainage

(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Population distribution

The northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated

Natural hazards

Destructive earthquakes

Geography - note

Within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro

👥 People and Society⬆️ Top

Population — total

3,653,499 (2025 est.)

Population — male

1,778,548

Population — female

1,874,951

Nationality — noun

Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)

Nationality — adjective

Bosnian, Herzegovinian

Ethnic groups

Bosniak 50.1%, Serb 30.8%, Croat 15.4%, other 2.7%, not declared/no answer 1% (2013 est.)

Languages — Languages

Bosnian (official) 52.9%, Serbian (official) 30.8%, Croatian (official) 14.6%, other 1.6%, no answer 0.2% (2013 est.)

Languages — major-language sample(s)

Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Bosnian) Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian) Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, nužan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Croatian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions

Muslim 50.7%, Orthodox 30.7%, Roman Catholic 15.2%, atheist 0.8%, agnostic 0.3%, other 1.2%, undeclared/no answer 1.1% (2013 est.)

Age structure — 0-14 years

13.1% (male 257,444/female 240,209)

Age structure — 15-64 years

68.3% (male 1,305,271/female 1,290,920)

Age structure — 65 years and over

18.6% (2024 est.) (male 289,449/female 415,378)

Dependency ratios — total dependency ratio

44.5 (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios — youth dependency ratio

16.7 (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios — elderly dependency ratio

27.8 (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios — potential support ratio

3.6 (2025 est.)

Median age — total

45.7 years (2025 est.)

Median age — male

43.1 years

Median age — female

46.5 years

Population growth rate

-0.67% (2025 est.)

Birth rate

6.88 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Death rate

12.29 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Net migration rate

-1.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Population distribution

The northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated

Urbanization — urban population

50.3% of total population (2023)

Urbanization — rate of urbanization

0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas - population

346,000 SARAJEVO (capital) (2023)

Sex ratio — at birth

1.07 male(s)/female

Sex ratio — 0-14 years

1.07 male(s)/female

Sex ratio — 15-64 years

1.01 male(s)/female

Sex ratio — 65 years and over

0.7 male(s)/female

Sex ratio — total population

0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

27.7 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

6 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate — total

3.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Infant mortality rate — male

5.1 deaths/1,000 live births

Infant mortality rate — female

4.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth — total population

78.5 years (2024 est.)

Life expectancy at birth — male

75.5 years

Life expectancy at birth — female

81.6 years

Total fertility rate

1.15 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.56 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source — improved: urban

Urban: 94.8% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — improved: rural

Rural: 97.3% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — improved: total

Total: 96.1% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — unimproved: urban

Urban: 5.2% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — unimproved: rural

Rural: 2.7% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — unimproved: total

Total: 3.9% of population (2022 est.)

Health expenditure — Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

9.6% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure — Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

14.8% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density

2.58 physicians/1,000 population (2019)

Hospital bed density

2.3 beds/1,000 population (2019 est.)

Sanitation facility access — improved: urban

Urban: 99.5% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access — unimproved: urban

Urban: 0.5% of population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

17.9% (2016)

Alcohol consumption per capita — total

5.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita — beer

4.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita — wine

0.47 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita — spirits

0.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita — other alcohols

0.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use — total

34% (2025 est.)

Tobacco use — male

39.2% (2025 est.)

Tobacco use — female

29% (2025 est.)

Education expenditure — Education expenditure (% GDP)

3.2% of GDP (2023 est.)

Education expenditure — Education expenditure (% national budget)

10.2% national budget (2021 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) — total

14 years (2023 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) — male

14 years (2023 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) — female

15 years (2023 est.)

🌿 Environment⬆️ Top

Environmental issues

Air pollution; deforestation and illegal logging; inadequate wastewater treatment and flood management facilities; urban waste disposal; uncleared land mines from the 1990s

International environmental agreements — party to

Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

International environmental agreements — signed, but not ratified

None of the selected agreements

Climate

Hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast

Land use — agricultural land

21.7% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: arable land

Arable land: 7.2% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: permanent crops

Permanent crops: 1.4% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: permanent pasture

Permanent pasture: 12.8% (2023 est.)

Land use — forest

42.2% (2023 est.)

Land use — other

36.1% (2023 est.)

Urbanization — urban population

50.3% of total population (2023)

Urbanization — rate of urbanization

0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions — total emissions

24.513 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions — from coal and metallurgical coke

19.292 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions — from petroleum and other liquids

4.785 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions — from consumed natural gas

436,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

26.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Waste and recycling — municipal solid waste generated annually

1.249 million tons (2024 est.)

Waste and recycling — percent of municipal solid waste recycled

23.8% (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal — municipal

320 million cubic meters (2022)

Total water withdrawal — industrial

475 million cubic meters (2022)

Total renewable water resources

37.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

🏛️ Government⬆️ Top

Country name — conventional long form

None

Country name — conventional short form

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Country name — local long form

None

Country name — local short form

Bosna i Hercegovina

Country name — former

People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Country name — abbreviation

BiH

Country name — etymology

The larger northern territory is named for the Bosna River; the smaller southern section takes its name from the Old Serbian word herceg, meaning "duke," combined with the possessive -ov and the suffix -ina, meaning "country," to denote "dukedom"

Government type

Parliamentary republic

Capital — name

Sarajevo

Capital — geographic coordinates

43 52 N, 18 25 E

Capital — time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Capital — daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Capital — etymology

The name derives from the Turkish word saray, meaning "palace" or "mansion"

Administrative divisions

3 first-order administrative divisions - Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt) (ethnically mixed), Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) (predominantly Bosniak-Croat), Republika Srpska (predominantly Serb)

Legal system

Civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts

Constitution — history

14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords)

Constitution — amendment process

Decided by the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds majority vote of members present in the House of Representatives; the constitutional article on human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be amended

International law organization participation

Has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship — citizenship by birth

No

Citizenship — citizenship by descent only

At least one parent must be a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Citizenship — dual citizenship recognized

Yes, provided there is a bilateral agreement with the other state

Citizenship — residency requirement for naturalization

8 years

Suffrage

18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

Executive branch — chief of state

Chairperson of the Presidency Zeljko KOMSIC (chairperson since 16 July 2025; presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Croat seat); Denis BECIROVIC (presidency member since 16 November 2022 - Bosniak seat); Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (presidency member since 16 November 2022 - Serb seat)

Executive branch — head of government

Chairperson of the Council of Ministers Borjana KRISTO (since 25 January 2023)

Executive branch — cabinet

Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairperson, approved by the state-level House of Representatives

Executive branch — election/appointment process

3-member presidency (1 Bosniak and 1 Croat elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1 Serb elected from the Republika Srpska) directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term but then ineligible for 4 years); the presidency chairpersonship rotates every 8 months, with the new member of the presidency elected with the highest number of votes starting the new mandate as chair; the chairperson of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives

Executive branch — most recent election date

2 October 2022

Executive branch — election results

2022: percent of vote - Denis BECIROVIC - (SDP BiH) 57.4% - Bosniak seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 55.8% - Croat seat; Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (SNSD) 51.7% - Serb seat 2018: percent of vote - Milorad DODIK (SNSD) 53.9% - Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 52.6% - Croat seat; Sefik DZAFEROVIC (SDA) 36.6% - Bosniak seat

Executive branch — expected date of next election

October 2026

Legislative branch — legislature name

Parliamentary Assembly (Skupstina)

Legislative branch — legislative structure

Bicameral

Legislative branch - lower chamber — chamber name

House of Representatives (Predstavnicki dom)

Legislative branch - lower chamber — number of seats

42 (all directly elected)

Legislative branch - lower chamber — electoral system

Proportional representation

Legislative branch - lower chamber — scope of elections

Full renewal

Legislative branch - lower chamber — term in office

4 years

Legislative branch - lower chamber — most recent election date

2/16/2023

Legislative branch - lower chamber — parties elected and seats per party

Party of Democratic Action (SDA) (9); Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD) (6); Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SDP) (5); HDZ BiH, HSS, HSP BiH, HKDU, HSPAS, HDU, HSPHB, HRAST (4); Democratic Front (DF) - Civic Alliance (GS) (3); People and Justice (NAROD I PRAVDA) (3); (3); Republican Party of the Social Order (PROS) (3); Other (15)

Legislative branch - lower chamber — percentage of women in chamber

19%

Legislative branch - lower chamber — expected date of next election

October 2026

Legislative branch - upper chamber — chamber name

House of Peoples (Dom Naroda)

Legislative branch - upper chamber — number of seats

15 (all appointed)

Legislative branch - upper chamber — scope of elections

Full renewal

Legislative branch - upper chamber — term in office

4 years

Legislative branch - upper chamber — most recent election date

10/2/2022

Legislative branch - upper chamber — percentage of women in chamber

6.7%

Legislative branch - upper chamber — expected date of next election

February 2027

Judicial branch — highest court(s)

Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); Court of BiH (consists of 44 national judges and 7 international judges organized into 3 divisions - Administrative, Appellate, and Criminal, which includes a War Crimes Chamber)

Judicial branch — judge selection and term of office

BiH Constitutional Court judges - 4 selected by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina House of Representatives, 2 selected by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and 3 non-Bosnian judges selected by the president of the European Court of Human Rights; Court of BiH president and national judges appointed by the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; Court of BiH president appointed for renewable 6-year term; other national judges appointed to serve until age 70; international judges recommended by the president of the Court of BiH and appointed by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina; international judges appointed to serve until age 70

Judicial branch — subordinate courts

The Federation has 10 cantonal courts plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has a supreme court, 5 district courts, and a number of municipal courts

Political parties

Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD Bosnian-Herzegovinian Initiative or BHI KF Civic Alliance or GS Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH Democratic Front or DF Democratic Union or DEMOS For Justice and Order Our Party or NS/HC Party for Democratic Action or SDA Party of Democratic Progress or PDP People and Justice Party or NiP People's European Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or NES Serb Democratic Party or SDS Social Democratic Party or SDP United Srpska or US

Diplomatic representation in the US — chief of mission

Ambassador Sven ALKALAJ (since 30 June 2023)

Diplomatic representation in the US — chancery

2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037

Diplomatic representation in the US — telephone

[1] (202) 337-1500

Diplomatic representation in the US — FAX

[1] (202) 337-1502

Diplomatic representation in the US — email address and website

Info@bhembassy.org http://www.bhembassy.org/index.html

Diplomatic representation in the US — consulate(s) general

Chicago

Diplomatic representation from the US — chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires John GINKEL (since September 2025)

Diplomatic representation from the US — embassy

1 Robert C. Frasure Street, 71000 Sarajevo

Diplomatic representation from the US — mailing address

7130 Sarajevo Place, Washington DC 20521-7130

Diplomatic representation from the US — telephone

[387] (33) 704-000

Diplomatic representation from the US — FAX

[387] (33) 659-722

Diplomatic representation from the US — email address and website

SarajevoACS@state.gov https://ba.usembassy.gov/

Diplomatic representation from the US — branch office(s)

Banja Luka, Mostar

International organization participation

BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Independence

1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia)

National holiday

Independence Day, 1 March (1992) and Statehood Day, 25 November (1943) - both observed in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity; Victory Day, 9 May (1945) and Dayton Agreement Day, 21 November (1995) - both observed in the Republika Srpska entity

Flag

Description: a wide blue vertical band on the right side, with a large yellow isosceles triangle in the middle of the flag, based at the top; the rest of the flag is blue, with seven five-pointed white stars and two half-stars along the triangle's hypotenuse meaning: the triangle approximates the country's shape, and its three points stand for the Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe; the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are traditional and are also associated with neutrality and peace

National symbol(s)

Golden lily

National color(s)

Blue, yellow, white

National anthem(s) — title

"Drzavna himna Bosne i Hercegovine" (The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina)

National anthem(s) — lyrics/music

None officially/Dusan SESTIC

National anthem(s) — history

Music adopted 1999; lyrics proposed in 2009 were accepted by a parliamentary commission but are still awaiting adoption, so the anthem remains officially wordless

National heritage — total World Heritage Sites

5 (3 cultural, 2 natural)

National heritage — selected World Heritage Site locales

Old Bridge Area of Mostar (c); Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge in Višegrad (c); Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe - Janj Forest (n); Vjetrenica Cave, Ravno (n)

💹 Economy⬆️ Top

Economic overview

Import-dominated economy; remains consumption-heavy; lack of private sector investments and diversification; jointly addressing structural economic challenges; Chinese energy infrastructure investments; high unemployment; tourism industry impacted by COVID-19

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) — Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$64.641 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) — Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$63.077 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) — Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$61.843 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate — Real GDP growth rate 2024

2.5% (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate — Real GDP growth rate 2023

2% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate — Real GDP growth rate 2022

4.2% (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita — Real GDP per capita 2024

$20,400 (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita — Real GDP per capita 2023

$19,800 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita — Real GDP per capita 2022

$19,300 (2022 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$28.343 billion (2024 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) — Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

1.7% (2024 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) — Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

6.1% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) — Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

14% (2022 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin — agriculture

4.3% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin — industry

22% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin — services

58% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — household consumption

68.3% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — government consumption

19.1% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — investment in fixed capital

23.1% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — investment in inventories

3.2% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — exports of goods and services

43.9% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — imports of goods and services

-55.7% (2023 est.)

Agricultural products

Maize, milk, vegetables, potatoes, plums, wheat, apples, barley, chicken, tomatoes (2023)

Industries

Steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining

Industrial production growth rate

-2.4% (2024 est.)

Labor force

1.356 million (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate — Unemployment rate 2024

10.8% (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate — Unemployment rate 2023

10.7% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate — Unemployment rate 2022

12.7% (2022 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) — total

27.3% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) — male

25.4% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) — female

30.9% (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line

16.9% (2015 est.)

Average household expenditures — on food

32.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Average household expenditures — on alcohol and tobacco

7.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Remittances — Remittances 2024

11% of GDP (2024 est.)

Remittances — Remittances 2023

10.2% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances — Remittances 2022

10.5% of GDP (2022 est.)

Budget — revenues

$10.196 billion (2023 est.)

Budget — expenditures

$10.463 billion (2023 est.)

Public debt — Public debt 2023

40.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

19.1% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

Current account balance — Current account balance 2024

-$1.176 billion (2024 est.)

Current account balance — Current account balance 2023

-$638.769 million (2023 est.)

Current account balance — Current account balance 2022

-$1.078 billion (2022 est.)

Exports — Exports 2024

$12.141 billion (2024 est.)

Exports — Exports 2023

$12.126 billion (2023 est.)

Exports — Exports 2022

$11.838 billion (2022 est.)

Exports - partners

Germany 15%, Croatia 14%, Serbia 12%, Austria 10%, Slovenia 9% (2023)

Exports - commodities

Footwear, electricity, garments, plastic products, insulated wire (2023)

Imports — Imports 2024

$16.202 billion (2024 est.)

Imports — Imports 2023

$15.37 billion (2023 est.)

Imports — Imports 2022

$15.166 billion (2022 est.)

Imports - partners

Italy 13%, Germany 11%, Serbia 11%, China 9%, Croatia 8% (2023)

Imports - commodities

Refined petroleum, cars, garments, plastic products, packaged medicine (2023)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold — Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$9.419 billion (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold — Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$9.205 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold — Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$8.762 billion (2022 est.)

Debt - external — Debt - external 2023

$5.359 billion (2023 est.)

Exchange rates — Currency

Konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar -

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2024

1.808 (2024 est.)

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2023

1.809 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2022

1.859 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2021

1.654 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2020

1.717 (2020 est.)

⚡ Energy⬆️ Top

Electricity access — electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity — installed generating capacity

4.682 million kW (2023 est.)

Electricity — consumption

12.867 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity — exports

7.104 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity — imports

3.6 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity — transmission/distribution losses

1.339 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — fossil fuels

64% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — solar

0.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — wind

2.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — hydroelectricity

31.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — biomass and waste

1.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Coal — production

12.311 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal — consumption

12.304 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal — exports

1.254 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal — imports

1.327 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal — proven reserves

2.264 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum — refined petroleum consumption

34,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Natural gas — consumption

228.855 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Natural gas — imports

228.855 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita — Total energy consumption per capita 2023

91.227 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

📡 Communications⬆️ Top

Telephones - fixed lines — total subscriptions

583,000 (2024 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines — subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

18 (2024 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular — total subscriptions

3.84 million (2024 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular — subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

121 (2024 est.)

Broadcast media

3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV stations; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2019)

Internet country code

.ba

Internet users — percent of population

83% (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions — total

908,000 (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions — subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

29 (2023 est.)

🚚 Transportation⬆️ Top

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

T9

Airports

20 (2025)

Heliports

3 (2025)

Railways — total

965 km (2014)

Railways — standard gauge

965 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (565 km electrified)

Ports — total ports

1 (2024)

Ports — large

0

Ports — medium

0

Ports — small

1

Ports — very small

0

Ports — ports with oil terminals

0

Ports — key ports

Neum

🛡️ Military and Security⬆️ Top

Military and security forces

Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AFBiH or Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Army, Air, Air Defense forces organized into an Operations Command and a Support Command Ministry of Security: Border Police (2025)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2024

0.8% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2023

0.8% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2022

0.8% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2021

0.9% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2020

0.9% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths

Approximately 10,000 active duty Armed Forces (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

The military's inventory of weapons and equipment is a combination of material originating from the former Soviet Union/former Yugoslavia and some newer acquisitions from suppliers such as Türkiye, the UK, and the US (2025)

Military service age and obligation

18 -27 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription ended in January 2006 (2025)

Military - note

The Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AFBiH) are responsible for territorial defense, providing assistance to civil authorities during disasters or other emergencies, and participating in collective security and peace support operations; each of the AFBiH's three combat brigades are headquartered inside of their respective ethnicity territory, while its main headquarters is in Sarajevo; Bosnia and Herzegovina aspires to join NATO; Bosnia and Herzegovina joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace (PfP) program in 2006 and was invited to join NATO’s Membership Action Plan in 2010; the AFBiH is undergoing a 10-year (2017-2027) defense modernization and reform program for preparing to join and integrate with NATO; it has contributed small numbers of troops to EU, NATO, and UN missions NATO maintains a military headquarters in Sarajevo with the mission of assisting Bosnia and Herzegovina with the PfP program and promoting closer integration with NATO, as well as providing logistics and other support to the EU Force Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUFOR), which has operated in the country to oversee implementation of the Dayton/Paris Agreement since taking over from NATO's Stabilization Force (SFOR) in 2004 (2025)

🚨 Terrorism⬆️ Top

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force

🌐 Transnational Issues⬆️ Top

Refugees and internally displaced persons — refugees

685 (2024 est.)

Refugees and internally displaced persons — IDPs

94,796 (2024 est.)

Refugees and internally displaced persons — stateless persons

23 (2024 est.)