Moscow
Russia
Key facts and a structured country profile. π§Ύ Change log π True Size
Locator πΊοΈ Map
140,134,279 (2025 est.)
17,098,242 sq km
North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Eastern Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean
π§ Background
Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy emerged from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and gradually conquered and absorbed surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Devastating defeats and food shortages in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow of the ROMANOV Dynasty in 1917. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist control and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal US adversary during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin's rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism. His initiatives inadvertently released political and economic forces that by December 1991 led to the dissolution of the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent states. In response to the ensuing turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. In 2014, Russia purported to annex Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula and occupied large portions of two eastern Ukrainian oblasts. In sporadic fighting over the next eight years, more than 14,000 civilians were killed or wounded as a result of the Russian invasion in eastern Ukraine. On 24 February 2022, Russia escalated its conflict with Ukraine by invading the country on several fronts in what has become the largest conventional military attack on a sovereign state in Europe since World War II. The invasion received near-universal international condemnation, and many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and supplied humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. In September 2022, Russia unilaterally declared its annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts -- Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia -- even though none were fully under Russian control. The annexations remain unrecognized by the international community.
πΊοΈ Geography
North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Eastern Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean
60 00 N, 100 00 E
Asia
17,098,242 sq km
16,377,742 sq km
720,500 sq km
Approximately 1.8 times the size of the US
22,407 km
Azerbaijan 338 km; Belarus 1,312 km; China (southeast) 4,133 km and China (south) 46 km; Estonia 324 km; Finland 1,309 km; Georgia 894 km; Kazakhstan 7,644 km; North Korea 18 km; Latvia 332 km; Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 261 km; Mongolia 3,452 km; Norway 191 km; Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km; Ukraine 1,944 km
37,653 km
12 nm
24 nm
200 nm
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
Broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions
Gora El'brus (highest point in Europe) 5,642 m
Caspian Sea -28 m
600 m
Wide natural-resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber
13.2% (2023 est.)
Arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
Permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
Permanent pasture: 5.6% (2023 est.)
50.7% (2023 est.)
35.9% (2023 est.)
43,000 sq km (2012)
Lake Baikal - 31,500 sq km; Lake Ladoga - 18,130 sq km; Lake Onega - 9,720 sq km; Lake Khanka (shared with China) - 5,010 sq km; Lake Peipus - 4,300 sq km (shared with Estonia); Ozero Vygozero - 1,250 sq km; Ozero Beloye - 1,120 sq km
Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km; Ozero Malyye Chany - 2,500 sq km; Curonian Lagoon (shared with Lithuania) - 1,620 sq km note - the Caspian Sea is the World's largest lake
Yenisey-Angara - 5,539 km; Ob-Irtysh - 5,410 km; Amur river mouth (shared with China [s] and Mongolia) - 4,444 km; Lena - 4,400 km; Volga - 3,645 km; Kolyma - 2,513 km; Ural river source (shared with Kazakhstan [m]) - 2,428 km; Dnepr (Dnieper) river source (shared with Belarus and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km; Don - 1,870 km; Pechora - 1,809 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)
(Black Sea) Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)
Amur (1,929,955 sq km)
(Caspian Sea basin) Volga (1,410,951 sq km)
Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin
Population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country, extending from the Baltic Sea south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable population pockets are isolated and generally found in the south
Permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires in Siberia and parts of European Russia volcanism: Kamchatka Peninsula is home to 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m) is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
Note 1: largest country in the world in terms of area; despite its size, much of the country lacks the soil and climate (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture note 2: Russia's far east, particularly the Kamchatka Peninsula, lies along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes and up to 90% of the world's earthquakes note 3: Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh surface water note 4: Kaliningrad oblast is an exclave annexed from Germany after World War II; its capital city of Kaliningrad -- formerly Koenigsberg -- is the only Baltic port in Russia that remains ice-free in the winter
π₯ People and Societyβ¬οΈ Top
140,134,279 (2025 est.)
65,166,555
74,967,724
Russian(s)
Russian
Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est.)
Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1% (2010 est.)
ΠΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ β Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. (Russian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)
16.5% (male 11,956,284/female 11,313,829)
65.7% (male 45,007,073/female 47,518,221)
17.8% (2024 est.) (male 8,533,448/female 16,491,955)
52.6 (2025 est.)
24.7 (2025 est.)
27.9 (2025 est.)
3.6 (2025 est.)
42.3 years (2025 est.)
39.4 years
44.5 years
-0.49% (2025 est.)
8.27 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
13.93 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country, extending from the Baltic Sea south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable population pockets are isolated and generally found in the south
75.3% of total population (2023)
0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
12.680 million MOSCOW (capital), 5.561 million Saint Petersburg, 1.695 million Novosibirsk, 1.528 million Yekaterinburg, 1.292 million Kazan, 1.251 million Nizhniy Novgorod (2023)
1.06 male(s)/female
1.06 male(s)/female
0.95 male(s)/female
0.52 male(s)/female
0.87 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
25.2 years (2013 est.)
9 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
6.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
7.2 deaths/1,000 live births
5.8 deaths/1,000 live births
72.3 years (2024 est.)
67.4 years
77.4 years
1.52 children born/woman (2025 est.)
0.74 (2025 est.)
Urban: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)
Rural: 91.5% of population (2022 est.)
Total: 97.1% of population (2022 est.)
Urban: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)
Rural: 8.5% of population (2022 est.)
Total: 2.9% of population (2022 est.)
7.4% of GDP (2021)
13.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
5.11 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
7 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Urban: 95.4% of population (2022 est.)
Rural: 71.4% of population (2022 est.)
Total: 89.4% of population (2022 est.)
Urban: 4.6% of population (2022 est.)
Rural: 28.6% of population (2022 est.)
Total: 10.6% of population (2022 est.)
23.1% (2016)
7.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
3.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
0.97 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
3.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
0.12 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
26.5% (2025 est.)
40.2% (2025 est.)
15.1% (2025 est.)
57.6% (2021 est.)
0.3% (2017)
6.2% (2017)
4.2% of GDP (2023 est.)
14.3% national budget (2018 est.)
99.9% (2021 est.)
99.9% (2021 est.)
99.9% (2021 est.)
15 years (2023 est.)
15 years (2023 est.)
15 years (2023 est.)
πΏ Environmentβ¬οΈ Top
Air pollution from heavy industry, coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from agricultural chemicals; nuclear waste disposal; scattered areas of radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid-waste management; abandoned stocks of pesticides
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94
Ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
13.2% (2023 est.)
Arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
Permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
Permanent pasture: 5.6% (2023 est.)
50.7% (2023 est.)
35.9% (2023 est.)
75.3% of total population (2023)
0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
1.844 billion metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
479.311 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
453.103 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
912.076 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
9.1 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
13,815.3 kt (2022-2024 est.)
1,972.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)
4,069.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
363.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
60 million tons (2024 est.)
5.3% (2022 est.)
17.15 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
29.03 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
18.64 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
4.53 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)
1
Yangan-Tau (2023)
ποΈ Governmentβ¬οΈ Top
Russian Federation
Russia
Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
Rossiya
Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Russian lands were referred to as Muscovy until PETER I declared the Empire of All Russias in 1721; the new name aimed at identifying the new Russia with European political tradition; "Rus" was the Old Finnish name given to Varangians (eastern Vikings) who entered the area in the 9th century
Semi-presidential federation
Moscow
55 45 N, 37 36 E
UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Does not observe daylight savings time (DST)
Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST dropped
Named after the Moskva River; the origin of the river's name is unclear
46 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respubliki, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous districts (avtonomnyye okrugi, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 federal subjects (kraya, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous province (avtonomnaya oblast') oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (Gatchina), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan, Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk) autonomous districts: Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard) federal subjects: Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol, Zabaykalsk [Transbaikal] (Chita) federal cities: Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg] autonomous province: Yevreyskaya [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)
Civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet era); latest drafted 12 July 1993, adopted by referendum 12 December 1993, effective 25 December 1993
Proposed by the president of the Russian Federation, by either house of the Federal Assembly, by the government of the Russian Federation, or by legislative (representative) bodies of the Federation's constituent entities; proposals to amend the governmentβs constitutional system, human and civil rights and freedoms, and procedures for amending or drafting a new constitution require formation of a Constitutional Assembly; passage of such amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of its total membership; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of valid votes; approval of proposed amendments to the government structure, authorities, and procedures requires approval by the legislative bodies of at least two thirds of the Russian Federation's constituent entities
Has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
No
At least one parent must be a citizen of Russia
Yes
3-5 years
18 years of age; universal
President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 7 May 2012)
Premier Mikhail Vladimirovich MISHUSTIN (since 16 January 2020)
The government is composed of the premier, his deputies, and ministers, all appointed by the president; the premier is also confirmed by the Duma
President directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 6-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term)
15-17 March 2024
2024: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 88.5%, Nikolay KHARITONOV (Communist Party) 4.4%, Vladislav DAVANKOV (New People party) 3.9%, Leonid SLUTSKY (Liberal Democrats) 3.2% 2018: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 77.5%, Pavel GRUDININ (CPRF) 11.9%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 5.7%, other 4.9%; Mikhail MISHUSTIN (independent) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 383 to 0
2030
Federal Assembly (Federalnoye Sobraniye)
Bicameral
State Duma (Gossoudarstvennaya Duma)
450 (all directly elected)
Mixed system
Full renewal
5 years
9/19/2021
United Russia (326); Communist Party (KPRF) (57); A Just Russia (28); Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) (23); Other (16)
16.4%
September 2026
Council of the Federation (Soviet Federatsii)
170 (all appointed)
18.5%
Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (consists of 170 members organized into the Judicial Panel for Civil Affairs, the Judicial Panel for Criminal Affairs, and the Military Panel); Constitutional Court (consists of 11 members, including the chairperson and deputy)
All members of Russia's 3 highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature); members of all 3 courts appointed for life
Regional (kray) and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts (the 21 Russian republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions)
A Just Russia for Truth or SRZP Civic Platform or CP Communists of Russia or CPCR Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF Cossack Party of the Russian Federation or CosPRF Democratic Party of Russia or DPR Green Alternative or GA Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR New People or NP Party for Fairness! or PARZAS! Party of Direct Democracy or PDD Party of Progress or PP Party of Pensioners or RPPSJ Party of Russia's Rebirth or PRR Party of Social Protection or PSP Rodina Russian Ecological Party or The Greens Russian Party of Freedom and Justice or RPFJ Russia United Democratic Party or Yabloko United Russia or UR
Ambassador Alexander Nikitich DARCHIEV (since 11 June 2025)
2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
[1] (202) 298-5700
[1] (202) 298-5735
Rusembusa@mid.ru https://washington.mid.ru/en/
Houston, New York
Ambassador (vacant); ChargΓ© dβAffaires J. Douglas DYKHOUSE (since June 2025)
55,75566Β° N, 37,58028Β° E
5430 Moscow Place, Washington DC 20521-5430
[7] (495) 728-5000
[7] (495) 728-5090
MoscowACS@state.gov https://ru.usembassy.gov/
Vladivostok (suspended status), Yekaterinburg (suspended status)
APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
25 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union; Russian SFSR renamed Russian Federation); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)
Russia Day, 12 June (1990)
Description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red meaning: colors may have been based on the Dutch flag, but no official meaning is assigned history: created when Russia built its first naval vessels, and was used mostly as a naval flag until the 19th century
Bear, double-headed eagle
White, blue, red
The current coat of arms of Russia was adopted by presidential decree on 30 November 1993; the double-headed eagle was adopted as a Russian symbol in 1472 when Ivan III married Sophia Palaiologina, niece of the last Byzantine emperor in Constantinople -- the eagle was her family's emblem
βGosudarstvenny Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsiiβ (National Anthem of the Russian Federation)
Sergey Vladimirovich MIKHALKOV/Aleksandr Vasilyevich ALEKSANDROV
Adopted 2000; Russia adopted the tune of the Soviet Union's anthem (composed in 1939), as well as new lyrics; MIKHALKOV, who wrote the new lyrics, also authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943
33 (22 cultural, 11 natural)
Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments (c); Kizhi Pogost (c); Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow (c); Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings (c); White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal (c); Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad (c); Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye (c); Lake Baikal (n); Volcanoes of Kamchatka (n); Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery (c); Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin (c); Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent (c); Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent (c); Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve (n); Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl (c); Lena Pillars Nature Park (n); Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex (c); Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk (c); Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture (c); Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea (c); Rock Paintings of Shulgan-Tash Cave (c)
πΉ Economyβ¬οΈ Top
Natural resource-rich Eurasian economy; leading energy exporter to Europe and Asia; decreased oil export reliance; endemic corruption, Ukrainian invasion, and lack of green infrastructure limit investment and have led to sanctions
$6.089 trillion (2024 est.)
$5.835 trillion (2023 est.)
$5.607 trillion (2022 est.)
4.3% (2024 est.)
4.1% (2023 est.)
-1.4% (2022 est.)
$41,700 (2024 est.)
$39,900 (2023 est.)
$38,200 (2022 est.)
$2.174 trillion (2024 est.)
6.7% (2021 est.)
3.4% (2020 est.)
4.5% (2019 est.)
2.7% (2024 est.)
30.7% (2024 est.)
57.5% (2024 est.)
49.4% (2024 est.)
18.6% (2024 est.)
22.1% (2024 est.)
4.2% (2024 est.)
21.9% (2024 est.)
-17.6% (2024 est.)
Wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, potatoes, sunflower seeds, maize, soybeans, chicken, pork (2023)
Complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts
4.1% (2024 est.)
72.517 million (2024 est.)
2.6% (2024 est.)
3.1% (2023 est.)
3.9% (2022 est.)
9.3% (2024 est.)
8.8% (2024 est.)
9.8% (2024 est.)
12.1% (2020 est.)
35.1 (2021 est.)
25.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
5.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
2.7% (2021 est.)
26.6% (2021 est.)
0.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
0.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
$704.613 billion (2023 est.)
$635.809 billion (2023 est.)
18.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
12.1% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
$62.287 billion (2024 est.)
$49.439 billion (2023 est.)
$237.735 billion (2022 est.)
$475.277 billion (2024 est.)
$465.22 billion (2023 est.)
$640.878 billion (2022 est.)
China 33%, India 17%, Turkey 8%, Kazakhstan 4%, Brazil 3% (2023)
Crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, fertilizers (2023)
$381.45 billion (2024 est.)
$379.659 billion (2023 est.)
$347.384 billion (2022 est.)
China 53%, Turkey 5%, Germany 5%, Kazakhstan 5%, Italy 2% (2023)
Cars, packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment, garments, plastic products (2023)
$597.217 billion (2023 est.)
$581.71 billion (2022 est.)
$632.242 billion (2021 est.)
$135.301 billion (2022 est.)
Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar -
85.162 (2023 est.)
68.485 (2022 est.)
73.654 (2021 est.)
72.105 (2020 est.)
64.738 (2019 est.)
β‘ Energyβ¬οΈ Top
100% (2022 est.)
99.1%
100%
301.926 million kW (2023 est.)
1.011 trillion kWh (2023 est.)
18.66 billion kWh (2023 est.)
2.852 billion kWh (2023 est.)
97.301 billion kWh (2023 est.)
61.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
19.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
0.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
17.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
0.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
36 (2025)
4 (2025)
26.8GW (2025 est.)
18.4% (2023 est.)
11 (2025)
531.13 million metric tons (2023 est.)
290.763 million metric tons (2023 est.)
211.944 million metric tons (2023 est.)
20.765 million metric tons (2023 est.)
162.166 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
10.879 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
3.863 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
80 billion barrels (2021 est.)
613.447 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
474.448 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
124.479 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
5.724 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
47.805 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
224.858 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
π‘ Communicationsβ¬οΈ Top
20,816,300 (2023 est.)
15 (2022 est.)
270 million (2024 est.)
186 (2024 est.)
13 national TV stations: the federal government owns 1 and controls a second, state-owned Gazprom controls 2, state-affiliated Bank Rossiya controls 2, Moscow city administration runs 1, the Russian Orthodox Church owns 1, and the Russian military owns 1; around 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations, with over two-thirds completely or partially state-controlled; satellite TV available; 2 state-run national radio networks, with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; around 2,400 public and commercial radio stations
.ru
92% (2023 est.)
35.9 million (2022 est.)
25 (2022 est.)
π Transportationβ¬οΈ Top
RA
905 (2025)
494 (2025)
85,494 km (2019)
957 km
2,910 (2023)
Bulk carrier 15, container ship 20, general cargo 976, oil tanker 387, other 1,512
67 (2024)
4
5
19
38
1
32
Arkhangels'k, De Kastri, Dudinka, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Novorossiysk, Sankt-Peterburg, Vladivostok, Vyborg
π‘οΈ Military and Securityβ¬οΈ Top
Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: Ground Forces (SV), Aerospace Forces (VKS), Navy (VMF); separate or independent troop branches include the Airborne Forces (VDV), Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (RVSN; commonly to as Strategic Rocket Forces), Special Operations Forces, and Unmanned Systems Forces Federal National Guard Troops Service of the Russian Federation (FSVNG, National Guard, Russian Guard, or Rosgvardiya) Federal Security Services (FSB): Federal Border Guard Service (includes land and maritime forces) (2025)
7% of GDP (2024 est.)
5% of GDP (2023 est.)
4.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
4% of GDP (2021 est.)
4% of GDP (2020 est.)
Estimated 1.1-1.2 million active Armed Forces; estimated 350,000 Federal National Guard Troops (2025)
The Russian Federation's military and paramilitary services are equipped with domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Russia has imported military hardware from external suppliers such as Iran and North Korea to support its war on Ukraine; the Russian defense industry is capable of producing a full range of advanced air, land, missile, and naval systems; Russia is one of the world's largest exporters of military hardware (2025)
18-30 years of age for compulsory service for men; 18-65 years of age for voluntary/contractual service; women and non-Russian citizens (18-30) may volunteer; minimum 12-month service obligation (2025)
Estimated 600,000 in Ukraine; more than 20,000 additional military personnel deployed in former Soviet states and elsewhere, including Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Libya, Moldova, Syria, sub-Saharan Africa, and Tajikistan (2025)
The Russian military is responsible for protecting the country's sovereignty and territorial integrity, providing maritime security, and supporting Moscow's national security objectives, including projecting influence and power abroad and deterring perceived external threats; its missions include air, land, maritime, strategic missile, and expeditionary operations; it is also active in the areas of cyber warfare, electronic warfare, and space; the Russian military's focus is its ongoing war on Ukraine and the perceived threat from NATO and the US in February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine, beginning what is the largest war in Europe since World War II ended in 1945; Russian military forces occupied Ukraineβs province of Crimea in 2014, and Moscow subsequently backed separatist forces in the Donbas region of Ukraine with arms, equipment, and training, as well as Russian military troops, although Moscow denied their presence prior to 2022 Russia intervened in the Syrian civil war at the request of the Syrian Government from September 2015 until the collapse of the ASAD regime in December 2024; it was Moscowβs first overseas military expeditionary operation since the Soviet era; Russian assistance included air support, arms and equipment, intelligence, military advisors, private military contractors, special operations forces, and training; Russia seized the Georgian regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by force in 2008 (2025)
π°οΈ Spaceβ¬οΈ Top
State Space Corporation of the Russian Federation (Roscosmos; established 2015); Russian Space Forces (Kosmicheskie voyska Rossii, KV; under the Russian Aerospace Forces) (2025)
Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakhstan); Vostochny Cosmodrome (Amur Oblast); Plesetsk Cosmodrome (Arkhangel'sk Oblast) (2025)
Has one of the worldβs largest space programs and is active across all areas of the space sector; builds, launches, and operates satellite/space launch vehicles, satellites, space stations, interplanetary probes, and manned, robotic, and re-usable spacecraft; has astronaut (cosmonaut) training program and conducts human space flight; researching and developing a broad range of other space-related technologies; participates in international space programs such as the International Space Station; has had relations with dozens of foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of China, the ESA, India, Japan, and the US; Roscosmos and its public subsidiaries comprise the majority of the Russian space industry; Roscosmos has eight operating areas, including manned space flights, launch systems, unmanned spacecraft, rocket propulsion, military missiles, space avionics, special military space systems, and flight control systems; private companies are also involved in a range of space systems (2025)
1957 - placed worldβs first satellite (Sputnik-1) in orbit 1961-1964 - launched first man, first woman, and first multi-member crew into space 1965 - launched first probe to successfully land on the Moon 1967 - initial launch of Soviet-made Soyuz series space launch vehicle (SLV) 1971 - placed first space station (Salyut) in orbit and successfully landed a probe on Venus 1975 - joint Soviet (Soyuz)-US (Apollo) space mission 1986 - began operation of Mir space station (in orbit until 2001) 1995 - Global Navigation Satellite System (GLObalnaya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema or GLONASS) constellation completed 2014 - initial launch of Angara SLV series 2021 - announced agreements with China to send a robotic probe to an asteroid and jointly establish a station on the Moon 2023 - launch first of a planned series of Moon landers (Luna-25; crashed on Moon's surface); announced intent to place first module of a new space station in orbit by 2027
π¨ Terrorismβ¬οΈ Top
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
π Transnational Issuesβ¬οΈ Top
11,440 (2024 est.)
172,783 (2024 est.)
90,185 (2024 est.)
Tier 3 β Russia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, Russia remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/russia/
Source: Factbook JSON archive.