North Macedonia Facts, Map, Population, GDP

Capital

Skopje

Population

2,137,556 (2025 est.)

Area

25,713 sq km

Location

Southeastern Europe, north of Greece

🧭 Background

North Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991 under the name of "Macedonia." Greece objected to the new country’s name, insisting it implied territorial pretensions to the northern Greek province of Macedonia, and democratic backsliding for several years stalled North Macedonia's movement toward Euro-Atlantic integration. Immediately after Macedonia declared independence, Greece sought to block its efforts to gain UN membership if the name "Macedonia" was used. The country was eventually admitted to the UN in 1993 as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia," and at the same time it agreed to UN-sponsored negotiations on the name dispute. In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, but the issue of the name remained unresolved amid ongoing negotiations. As an interim measure, the US and over 130 other nations recognized Macedonia by its constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia. Ethnic Albanian grievances over perceived political and economic inequities escalated into an armed conflict in 2001 that eventually led to the internationally brokered Ohrid Framework Agreement, which ended the fighting and established guidelines for constitutional amendments and new laws that enhanced the rights of minorities. In 2018, the government adopted a new law on languages, which elevated the Albanian language to an official language at the national level and kept the Macedonian language as the sole official language in international relations, but ties between ethnic Macedonians and ethnic Albanians remain complicated. In 2018, Macedonia and Greece signed the Prespa Agreement whereby Macedonia agreed to change its name to North Macedonia, and the agreement went in to force on 12 February 2019. North Macedonia joined NATO in 2020 after amending its constitution as agreed and opened EU accession talks in 2022 after a two-year veto by Bulgaria over identity, language, and historical disputes. The 2014 legislative and presidential election triggered a political crisis that lasted almost three years and escalated in 2015 when the opposition party began releasing wiretapped material revealing alleged widespread government corruption and abuse. The country still faces challenges, including fully implementing reforms to overcome years of democratic backsliding, stimulating economic growth and development, and fighting organized crime and corruption.

🗺️ Geography

Location

Southeastern Europe, north of Greece

Geographic coordinates

41 50 N, 22 00 E

Map references

Europe

Area — total

25,713 sq km

Area — land

25,433 sq km

Area — water

280 sq km

Area - comparative

Slightly larger than Vermont; almost four times the size of Delaware

Land boundaries — total

838 km

Land boundaries — border countries

Albania 181 km; Bulgaria 162 km; Greece 234 km; Kosovo 160 km; Serbia 101 km

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims

None (landlocked)

Climate

Warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

Terrain

Mountainous with deep basins and valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by the Vardar River

Elevation — highest point

Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,764 m

Elevation — lowest point

Vardar River 50 m

Elevation — mean elevation

741 m

Natural resources

Low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, manganese, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber, arable land

Land use — agricultural land

49.6% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: arable land

Arable land: 16.5% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: permanent crops

Permanent crops: 1.6% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: permanent pasture

Permanent pasture: 31.5% (2023 est.)

Land use — forest

40.9% (2023 est.)

Land use — other

9.5% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land

844 sq km (2016)

Major watersheds (area sq km) — Atlantic Ocean drainage

(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Population distribution

A fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Natural hazards

High seismic risks

Geography - note

Landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe

👥 People and Society⬆️ Top

Population — total

2,137,556 (2025 est.)

Population — male

1,065,634

Population — female

1,071,922

Nationality — noun

Macedonian(s)

Nationality — adjective

Macedonian

Ethnic groups

Macedonian 58.4%, Albanian 24.3%, Turkish 3.9%, Romani 2.5%, Serb 1.3%, other 2.3%, no ethnic affiliation data available 7.2% (2021 est.)

Languages — Languages

Macedonian (official) 61.4%, Albanian (official) 24.3%, Turkish 3.4%, Romani 1.7%, other (includes Aromanian (Vlach) and Bosnian) 2%, unspecified 7.2% (2021 est.)

Languages — major-language sample(s)

Книга на Светски Факти, неопходен извор на основни информации. (Macedonian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions

Orthodox 46.1%, Islam 32.2%, Christian 13.2%, Other 7.2%; less than 1%: atheist, Catholic, other religions, not specified, Protestant (2021 est.)

Age structure — 0-14 years

16% (male 176,423/female 164,945)

Age structure — 15-64 years

68.4% (male 740,649/female 719,627)

Age structure — 65 years and over

15.6% (2024 est.) (male 147,655/female 186,323)

Dependency ratios — total dependency ratio

46.9 (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios — youth dependency ratio

23.3 (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios — elderly dependency ratio

23.6 (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios — potential support ratio

4.2 (2025 est.)

Median age — total

40.9 years (2025 est.)

Median age — male

39.4 years

Median age — female

41.6 years

Population growth rate

0.08% (2025 est.)

Birth rate

10.07 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Death rate

9.62 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Net migration rate

0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Population distribution

A fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Urbanization — urban population

59.5% of total population (2023)

Urbanization — rate of urbanization

0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas - population

611,000 SKOPJE (capital) (2023)

Sex ratio — at birth

1.07 male(s)/female

Sex ratio — 0-14 years

1.07 male(s)/female

Sex ratio — 15-64 years

1.03 male(s)/female

Sex ratio — 65 years and over

0.79 male(s)/female

Sex ratio — total population

0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

26.9 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

3 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate — total

6.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Infant mortality rate — male

7.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Infant mortality rate — female

6 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth — total population

77.3 years (2024 est.)

Life expectancy at birth — male

75.3 years

Life expectancy at birth — female

79.6 years

Total fertility rate

1.53 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.74 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source — improved: urban

Urban: 98.1% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — improved: rural

Rural: 97.4% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — improved: total

Total: 97.8% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — unimproved: urban

Urban: 1.9% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — unimproved: rural

Rural: 2.6% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — unimproved: total

Total: 2.2% of population (2022 est.)

Health expenditure — Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

8.5% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure — Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

12.4% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density

2.94 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Hospital bed density

4.2 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Sanitation facility access — improved: urban

Urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access — improved: rural

Rural: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access — improved: total

Total: 99.4% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access — unimproved: urban

Urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access — unimproved: rural

Rural: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access — unimproved: total

Total: 0.6% of population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

22.4% (2016)

Alcohol consumption per capita — total

3.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita — beer

1.93 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita — wine

1.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita — spirits

0.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita — other alcohols

0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

0.9% (2019 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

66.1% (2021 est.)

Child marriage — women married by age 15

0.3% (2019)

Child marriage — women married by age 18

7.5% (2019)

Literacy — female

97.8% (2018 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) — total

15 years (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) — male

14 years (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) — female

15 years (2022 est.)

🌿 Environment⬆️ Top

Environmental issues

Air pollution from metallurgical plants, smoke from wood-burning stoves, and vehicle emissions

International environmental agreements — party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

International environmental agreements — signed, but not ratified

None of the selected agreements

Climate

Warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

Land use — agricultural land

49.6% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: arable land

Arable land: 16.5% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: permanent crops

Permanent crops: 1.6% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: permanent pasture

Permanent pasture: 31.5% (2023 est.)

Land use — forest

40.9% (2023 est.)

Land use — other

9.5% (2023 est.)

Urbanization — urban population

59.5% of total population (2023)

Urbanization — rate of urbanization

0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions — total emissions

7.369 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions — from coal and metallurgical coke

3.014 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions — from petroleum and other liquids

3.682 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions — from consumed natural gas

673,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

28.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Waste and recycling — municipal solid waste generated annually

627,000 tons (2024 est.)

Waste and recycling — percent of municipal solid waste recycled

4.9% (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal — municipal

305.4 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal — industrial

31.54 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal — agricultural

139 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total renewable water resources

6.4 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

🏛️ Government⬆️ Top

Country name — conventional long form

Republic of North Macedonia

Country name — conventional short form

North Macedonia

Country name — local long form

Republika Severna Makedonija

Country name — local short form

Severna Makedonija

Country name — former

Democratic Federal Macedonia, People's Republic of Macedonia, Socialist Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Macedonia

Country name — etymology

The name derives from the ancient kingdom of Macedon (7th to 2nd centuries B.C.), whose name origin is unclear; it may derive from the mythological Macedon, the son of the Greek god Zeus; alternatively, it may come from the Greek word makednos, meaning "tail," or the Illyrian word maketia, meaning "cattle"

Government type

Parliamentary republic

Capital — name

Skopje

Capital — geographic coordinates

42 00 N, 21 26 E

Capital — time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Capital — daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Capital — etymology

The name is of Illyrian or Macedonian origin, and the meaning is unclear; derives from Scupi, its name during the Roman era

Administrative divisions

80 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina) and 1 city* (grad); Aracinovo, Berovo, Bitola, Bogdanci, Bogovinje, Bosilovo, Brvenica, Caska, Centar Zupa, Cesinovo-Oblesevo, Cucer Sandevo, Debar, Debarca, Delcevo, Demir Hisar, Demir Kapija, Dojran, Dolneni, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Gradsko, Ilinden, Jegunovce, Karbinci, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani, Konce, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krivogastani, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Makedonska Kamenica, Makedonski Brod, Mavrovo i Rostuse, Mogila, Negotino, Novaci, Novo Selo, Ohrid, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnica, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Skopje*, Sopiste, Staro Nagoricane, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Studenicani, Sveti Nikole, Tearce, Tetovo, Valandovo, Vasilevo, Veles, Vevcani, Vinica, Vrapciste, Zelenikovo, Zelino, Zrnovci *the Greater Skopje area is composed of 10 municipalities: Aerodrom, Butel, Centar, Chair, Gazi Baba, Gjorce Petrov, Karposh, Kisela Voda, Saraj, and Shuto Orizari

Legal system

Civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

Constitution — history

Several previous (since 1944); latest adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991

Constitution — amendment process

Proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by at least 30 members of the Assembly, or by petition of at least 150,000 citizens; final approval requires a two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly

International law organization participation

Has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship — citizenship by birth

No

Citizenship — citizenship by descent only

At least one parent must be a citizen of North Macedonia

Citizenship — dual citizenship recognized

No

Citizenship — residency requirement for naturalization

8 years

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch — chief of state

President Gordana SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA (since 12 May 2024)

Executive branch — head of government

Prime Minister Hristijan MICKOSKI (since 23 June 2024)

Executive branch — cabinet

Council of Ministers elected by the Assembly by simple majority vote

Executive branch — election/appointment process

President directly elected using a modified 2-round system; a candidate can only be elected in the first round with an absolute majority from all registered voters; in the second round, voter turnout must be at least 40% for the result to be valid; president elected for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); following legislative elections, the Assembly usually elects the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister

Executive branch — most recent election date

24 April and 8 May 2024

Executive branch — election results

2024: Hristijan MICKOSKI elected prime minister; Assembly vote - 77 for, 22 against 2024: Gordana SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA elected president in the second round; percent of vote - Gordana SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA (VMRO-DPMNE) 69%, Stevo PENDAROVSKI (SDSM) 31% 2024: Talat XHAFERI elected caretaker prime minister; Assembly vote - 65 for (opposition boycott) 2022: Dimitar KOVACEVSKI elected prime minister; Assembly vote - NA

Executive branch — expected date of next election

2029

Legislative branch — legislature name

Assembly of the Republic (Sobranie)

Legislative branch — legislative structure

Unicameral

Legislative branch — number of seats

123 (all directly elected)

Legislative branch — electoral system

Mixed system

Legislative branch — scope of elections

Full renewal

Legislative branch — term in office

4 years

Legislative branch — most recent election date

5/8/2024

Legislative branch — parties elected and seats per party

Coalition "Your Macedonia" (led by VMRO-DPMNE) (58); Coalition "European Front" (led by the Democratic Union for Integration – DUI) (18); Coalition "For a European Future" (led by the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia – SDSM) (18); Coalition VLEN (14); ZNAM (Movement "I know": For our Macedonia) (6); The Left (Levica) (6)

Legislative branch — percentage of women in chamber

39.2%

Legislative branch — expected date of next election

May 2028

Judicial branch — highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of 22 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)

Judicial branch — judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court judges nominated by the Judicial Council, a 7-member body of legal professionals, and appointed by the Assembly; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the Assembly for nonrenewable, 9-year terms

Judicial branch — subordinate courts

Courts of Appeal; Basic Courts

Political parties

Alliance for Albanians or AfA or ASH Alternative (Alternativa) or AAA Besa Movement or BESA Citizen Option for Macedonia or GROM Democratic Alliance or DS Democratic Movement or LD Democratic Party of Albanians or PDSH Democratic Party of Serbs or DPSM Democratic Renewal of Macedonia or DOM Democratic Union for Integration or BDI European Democratic Party or PDE Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - People's Party or VMRO-NP Liberal Democratic Party or LDP New Social-Democratic Party or NSDP Social Democratic Union of Macedonia or SDSM Socialist Party of Macedonia or SPM Srpska Stranka in Macedonia or SSM The Left (Levica) The People Movement or LP Turkish Democratic Party or TDP Turkish Movement Party or THP We Can! (coalition includes SDSM/BESA/VMRO-NP, DPT, LDP)

Diplomatic representation in the US — chief of mission

Ambassador Zoran POPOV (since 16 September 2022)

Diplomatic representation in the US — chancery

2129 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

Diplomatic representation in the US — telephone

[1] (202) 667-0501

Diplomatic representation in the US — FAX

[1] (202) 667-2104

Diplomatic representation in the US — email address and website

Washington@mfa.gov.mk United States (mfa.gov.mk)

Diplomatic representation in the US — consulate(s) general

Chicago, Detroit, New York

Diplomatic representation from the US — chief of mission

Ambassador Angela AGGELER (since 8 November 2022)

Diplomatic representation from the US — embassy

Str. Samoilova, Nr. 21, 1000 Skopje

Diplomatic representation from the US — mailing address

7120 Skopje Place, Washington, DC 20521-7120

Diplomatic representation from the US — telephone

[389] (2) 310-2000

Diplomatic representation from the US — FAX

[389] (2) 310-2499

Diplomatic representation from the US — email address and website

SkopjeACS@state.gov https://mk.usembassy.gov/

International organization participation

BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Independence

8 September 1991 (referendum endorsed independence from Yugoslavia)

National holiday

Independence Day, 8 September (1991), also known as National Day

Flag

Description: a red field with a yellow sun (the Sun of Liberty) in the center, with eight broadening rays extending to the edges meaning: the red and yellow colors have long been associated with Macedonia

National symbol(s)

Eight-rayed sun

National color(s)

Red, yellow

National anthem(s) — title

"Denes nad Makedonija" (Today Over Macedonia)

National anthem(s) — lyrics/music

Vlado MALESKI/Todor SKALOVSKI

National anthem(s) — history

Written in 1943 and adopted in 1991, the song previously served as the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, when it was part of Yugoslavia

National heritage — total World Heritage Sites

2 (both natural)

National heritage — selected World Heritage Site locales

Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid Region; Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians

💹 Economy⬆️ Top

Economic overview

Upper-middle-income European economy; GDP growth driven by private consumption, public infrastructure investments, and wage growth; stalled progress on EU accession; public debt rising due to high pensions, wages, and interest payments; structural challenges of emigration, low productivity growth, and governance

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) — Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$43.844 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) — Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$42.668 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) — Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$41.801 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate — Real GDP growth rate 2024

2.8% (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate — Real GDP growth rate 2023

2.1% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate — Real GDP growth rate 2022

2.8% (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita — Real GDP per capita 2024

$24,500 (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita — Real GDP per capita 2023

$23,300 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita — Real GDP per capita 2022

$22,800 (2022 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$16.685 billion (2024 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) — Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

3.5% (2024 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) — Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

9.4% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) — Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

14.2% (2022 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin — agriculture

6% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin — industry

22.7% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin — services

59.2% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — household consumption

67.9% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — government consumption

16.8% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — investment in fixed capital

28.4% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — investment in inventories

0% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — exports of goods and services

62.7% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — imports of goods and services

-75.8% (2024 est.)

Agricultural products

Chillies/peppers, milk, wheat, potatoes, grapes, barley, cabbages, maize, watermelons, tomatoes (2023)

Industries

Food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, iron, steel, cement, energy, pharmaceuticals, automotive parts

Industrial production growth rate

1.8% (2024 est.)

Labor force

779,200 (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate — Unemployment rate 2024

13.5% (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate — Unemployment rate 2023

13.2% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate — Unemployment rate 2022

14.5% (2022 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) — total

30.3% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) — male

29.2% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) — female

32.3% (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line

21.8% (2019 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income — Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019

33.5 (2019 est.)

Average household expenditures — on food

30.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Average household expenditures — on alcohol and tobacco

4.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share — lowest 10%

1.9% (2019 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share — highest 10%

22.9% (2019 est.)

Remittances — Remittances 2024

2.7% of GDP (2024 est.)

Remittances — Remittances 2023

2.9% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances — Remittances 2022

3.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Budget — revenues

$4.787 billion (2023 est.)

Budget — expenditures

$5.514 billion (2023 est.)

Public debt — Public debt 2017

39.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

17.9% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

Current account balance — Current account balance 2024

-$374.385 million (2024 est.)

Current account balance — Current account balance 2023

$56.573 million (2023 est.)

Current account balance — Current account balance 2022

-$868.965 million (2022 est.)

Exports — Exports 2024

$10.445 billion (2024 est.)

Exports — Exports 2023

$10.691 billion (2023 est.)

Exports — Exports 2022

$10.123 billion (2022 est.)

Exports - partners

Germany 39%, Serbia 8%, Bulgaria 6%, Greece 5%, Czechia 3% (2023)

Exports - commodities

Reaction and catalytic products, insulated wire, electricity, garments, seats (2023)

Imports — Imports 2024

$12.644 billion (2024 est.)

Imports — Imports 2023

$12.748 billion (2023 est.)

Imports — Imports 2022

$13.009 billion (2022 est.)

Imports - partners

UK 12%, Germany 10%, Greece 9%, China 9%, Serbia 8% (2023)

Imports - commodities

Platinum, refined petroleum, laboratory ceramic ware, cars, natural gas (2023)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold — Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$5.252 billion (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold — Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$5.015 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold — Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$4.12 billion (2022 est.)

Debt - external — Debt - external 2023

$5.637 billion (2023 est.)

Exchange rates — Currency

Macedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar -

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2024

56.873 (2024 est.)

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2023

56.947 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2022

58.574 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2021

52.102 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2020

54.144 (2020 est.)

⚡ Energy⬆️ Top

Electricity access — electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity — installed generating capacity

2.467 million kW (2023 est.)

Electricity — consumption

5.896 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity — exports

7.081 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity — imports

7.232 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity — transmission/distribution losses

993.662 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — fossil fuels

68.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — solar

4.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — wind

2.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — hydroelectricity

24% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — biomass and waste

0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Coal — production

4 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal — consumption

5.344 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal — exports

58,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal — imports

41,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal — proven reserves

332 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum — refined petroleum consumption

24,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Natural gas — consumption

348.078 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Natural gas — imports

347.981 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita — Total energy consumption per capita 2023

56.104 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

📡 Communications⬆️ Top

Telephones - fixed lines — total subscriptions

439,000 (2022 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines — subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

24 (2022 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular — total subscriptions

1.98 million (2024 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular — subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

108 (2024 est.)

Broadcast media

Public TV broadcaster Macedonian Radio and Television operates 5 national terrestrial TV channels and 2 satellite TV channels; 11 regional TV stations broadcast nationally; 29 regional and local broadcasters; a large number of cable operators offer domestic and international programming; the public radio broadcaster operates 3 stations; 4 privately owned national radio stations and 60 regional and local operators (2023)

Internet country code

.mk

Internet users — percent of population

87% (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions — total

515,000 (2022 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions — subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

28 (2022 est.)

🚚 Transportation⬆️ Top

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Z3

Airports

13 (2025)

Heliports

13 (2025)

Railways — total

699 km (2020) 313 km electrified

🛡️ Military and Security⬆️ Top

Military and security forces

Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (ARSM or ARNM): joint force with air, ground, reserve, special operations, and support forces (2025)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2025

2% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2024

1.9% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2023

1.7% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2022

1.6% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2021

1.5% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths

Approximately 6,000 active military personnel (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

The military's inventory is a mix of Russian/Soviet-era armaments and growing quantities of more modern equipment from countries such as Türkiye, the UK, and the US (2025)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2007 (2025)

Military - note

The Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (ARSM) is responsible for the defense of the country’s territory and independence, fulfilling North Macedonia’s commitments to NATO and European security, and contributing to EU, NATO, and UN peace and security missions; the ARSM has participated in multinational missions and operations in Afghanistan (NATO), Bosnia and Herzegovina (EU), Eastern Europe (NATO), Iraq (NATO), Kosovo (NATO), and Lebanon (UN); a key area of focus over the past decade has been improving capabilities and bringing the largely Soviet-era-equipped ARSM up to NATO standards; it has increased its participation in NATO training exercises since becoming the 30th member of the Alliance in 2020 and currently has small numbers of combat troops deployed to Bulgaria and Romania as part of NATO’s Enhance Forward Presence mission implemented because of Russian military aggression against Ukraine (2025)

🚨 Terrorism⬆️ Top

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

🌐 Transnational Issues⬆️ Top

Refugees and internally displaced persons — refugees

20,937 (2024 est.)

Refugees and internally displaced persons — stateless persons

159 (2024 est.)