Canada Facts, Map, Population, GDP

Capital

Ottawa

Population

39,187,155 (2025 est.)

Area

9,984,670 sq km

Location

Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US

🧭 Background

A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada gained legislative independence from Britain in 1931 and formalized its constitutional independence from the UK when it passed the Canada Act in 1982. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.

🗺️ Geography

Location

Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US

Geographic coordinates

60 00 N, 95 00 W

Map references

North America

Area — total

9,984,670 sq km

Area — land

9,093,507 sq km

Area — water

891,163 sq km

Area - comparative

Slightly larger than the US

Land boundaries — total

8,892 km

Land boundaries — border countries

US 8,891 km (includes 2,475 km with Alaska); Denmark (Greenland) 1.3 km

Coastline

202,080 km

Maritime claims — territorial sea

12 nm

Maritime claims — contiguous zone

24 nm

Maritime claims — exclusive economic zone

200 nm

Maritime claims — continental shelf

200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate

Varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Terrain

Mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast

Elevation — highest point

Mount Logan 5,959 m

Elevation — lowest point

Atlantic/Pacific/Arctic Oceans 0 m

Elevation — mean elevation

487 m

Natural resources

Bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower

Land use — agricultural land

6.5% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: arable land

Arable land: 4.3% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: permanent crops

Permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: permanent pasture

Permanent pasture: 2.1% (2023 est.)

Land use — forest

42% (2023 est.)

Land use — other

51.4% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land

9,045 sq km (2015)

Major lakes (area sq km) — fresh water lake(s)

Huron* - 35,972 sq km; Great Bear Lake - 31,328 sq km; Superior* - 28,754 sq km; Great Slave Lake - 28,568 sq km; Lake Winnipeg - 24,387 sq km; Erie* - 12,776 sq km; Ontario* - 9,790 sq km; Lake Athabasca - 7,935 sq km; Reindeer Lake - 6,650 sq km; Nettilling Lake - 5,542 sq km note - Great Lakes* area shown as Canadian waters

Major rivers (by length in km)

Mackenzie - 4,241 km; Yukon river source (shared with the US [m]) - 3,185 km; Saint Lawrence river mouth (shared with US) - 3,058 km; Nelson - 2,570 km; Columbia river source (shared with the US [m]) - 1,953 km; Churchill - 1,600 km; Fraser - 1,368 km; Ottawa - 1,271 km; Athabasca - 1,231 km; North Saskatchewan - 1,220 km; Liard - 1,115 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km) — Arctic Ocean drainage

Mackenzie (1,706,388 sq km)

Major watersheds (area sq km) — Atlantic Ocean drainage

Mississippi* (Gulf of America) (3,202,185 sq km, Canada only 32,000 sq km), Nelson (Hudson Bay) (1,093,141 sq km), Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km, Canada only 839,200 sq km)

Major watersheds (area sq km) — Pacific Ocean drainage

Yukon* (847,620 sq km, Canada only 823,800 sq km), Columbia* (657,501 sq km, Canada only 103,000 sq km)

Major aquifers

Northern Great Plains Aquifer

Population distribution

Vast majority of the population lives in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km (186 mi) of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

Natural hazards

Continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains volcanism: the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant

Geography - note

Note 1: second-largest country in the world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border note 2: Canada has more fresh water than any other country, and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes, more than all other countries combined

👥 People and Society⬆️ Top

Population — total

39,187,155 (2025 est.)

Population — male

19,515,416

Population — female

19,671,739

Nationality — noun

Canadian(s)

Nationality — adjective

Canadian

Ethnic groups

Canadian 15.6%, English 14.7%, Scottish 12.1%, French 11%, Irish 12.1%, German 8.1%, Chinese 4.7%, Italian 4.3%, First Nations 1.7%, Indian 3.7%, Ukrainian 3.5%, Metis 1.5% (2021 est.)

Languages — Languages

English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 est.)

Languages — major-language sample(s)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English) The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)

Religions

Christian 53.3%, Muslim 4.9%, Hindu 2.3%, Sikh 2.1%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.9%, Traditional (North American Indigenous) 0.2%, other religions and traditional spirituality 0.6%, none 34.6% (2021 est.)

Age structure — 0-14 years

15.5% (male 3,098,478/female 2,929,148)

Age structure — 15-64 years

63.4% (male 12,382,422/female 12,227,512)

Age structure — 65 years and over

21% (2024 est.) (male 3,753,829/female 4,403,424)

Dependency ratios — total dependency ratio

57.7 (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios — youth dependency ratio

23.8 (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios — elderly dependency ratio

33.9 (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios — potential support ratio

2.9 (2025 est.)

Median age — total

42.8 years (2025 est.)

Median age — male

41.4 years

Median age — female

43.8 years

Population growth rate

0.73% (2025 est.)

Birth rate

9.12 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Death rate

7.75 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Net migration rate

5.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Population distribution

Vast majority of the population lives in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km (186 mi) of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

Urbanization — urban population

81.9% of total population (2023)

Urbanization — rate of urbanization

0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas - population

6.372 million Toronto, 4.308 million Montreal, 2.657 million Vancouver, 1.640 million Calgary, 1.544 million Edmonton, 1.437 million OTTAWA (capital) (2023)

Sex ratio — at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

Sex ratio — 0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

Sex ratio — 15-64 years

1.01 male(s)/female

Sex ratio — 65 years and over

0.85 male(s)/female

Sex ratio — total population

0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

29.4 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate — total

3.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Infant mortality rate — male

4.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Infant mortality rate — female

4 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth — total population

84.2 years (2024 est.)

Life expectancy at birth — male

81.9 years

Life expectancy at birth — female

86.6 years

Total fertility rate

1.43 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.7 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source — improved: urban

Urban: 99.3% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — improved: rural

Rural: 99.1% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — improved: total

Total: 99.2% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — unimproved: urban

Urban: 0.7% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — unimproved: rural

Rural: 0.9% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — unimproved: total

Total: 0.8% of population (2022 est.)

Health expenditure — Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

11.2% of GDP (2022)

Health expenditure — Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

19.5% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density

2.82 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Hospital bed density

2.6 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Sanitation facility access — improved: urban

Urban: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access — improved: rural

Rural: 98.8% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access — improved: total

Total: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access — unimproved: urban

Urban: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access — unimproved: rural

Rural: 1.2% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access — unimproved: total

Total: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

29.4% (2016)

Alcohol consumption per capita — total

8 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita — beer

3.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita — wine

2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita — spirits

2.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita — other alcohols

0.4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use — total

10.1% (2025 est.)

Tobacco use — male

12.3% (2025 est.)

Tobacco use — female

8% (2025 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

51.6% (2021 est.)

Education expenditure — Education expenditure (% GDP)

4.9% of GDP (2022 est.)

Education expenditure — Education expenditure (% national budget)

10.7% national budget (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) — total

16 years (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) — male

15 years (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) — female

17 years (2022 est.)

🌿 Environment⬆️ Top

Environmental issues

Air pollution and acid rain from vehicle emissions, coal-burning, and metal smelting severely affecting lakes and forests; seawater pollution from agriculture, industry, mining, and forestry

International environmental agreements — party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

International environmental agreements — signed, but not ratified

Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation

Climate

Varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Land use — agricultural land

6.5% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: arable land

Arable land: 4.3% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: permanent crops

Permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: permanent pasture

Permanent pasture: 2.1% (2023 est.)

Land use — forest

42% (2023 est.)

Land use — other

51.4% (2023 est.)

Urbanization — urban population

81.9% of total population (2023)

Urbanization — rate of urbanization

0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions — total emissions

585.853 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions — from coal and metallurgical coke

32.486 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions — from petroleum and other liquids

294.196 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions — from consumed natural gas

259.171 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

6.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Methane emissions — energy

2,787.3 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Methane emissions — agriculture

1,049.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Methane emissions — waste

816.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Methane emissions — other

39.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste and recycling — municipal solid waste generated annually

25.103 million tons (2024 est.)

Waste and recycling — percent of municipal solid waste recycled

23.1% (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal — municipal

4.869 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal — industrial

27.357 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal — agricultural

3.859 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total renewable water resources

2.902 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Geoparks — total global geoparks and regional networks

5

Geoparks — global geoparks and regional networks

Perce; Stonehammer; Tumbler Ridge; Cliffs of Fundy; Discovery (2023)

🏛️ Government⬆️ Top

Country name — conventional long form

None

Country name — conventional short form

Canada

Country name — etymology

The name is probably derived from the Huron or Iroquois word kanata, meaning village or camp

Government type

Federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution

Capital — name

Ottawa

Capital — geographic coordinates

45 25 N, 75 42 W

Capital — time difference

UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Capital — daylight saving time

+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November

Capital — time zone note

Canada has six time zones

Capital — etymology

The city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word adawe, meaning "to trade"

Administrative divisions

10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*

Legal system

Common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails

Constitution — history

Consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982

Constitution — amendment process

Proposed by either house of Parliament or by the provincial legislative assemblies; there are 5 methods for passage though most require approval by both houses of Parliament, approval of at least two thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies and assent and formalization as a proclamation by the governor general in council; the most restrictive method is reserved for amendments affecting fundamental sections of the constitution, such as the office of the monarch or the governor general, and the constitutional amendment procedures, which require unanimous approval by both houses and by all the provincial assemblies, and assent of the governor general in council

International law organization participation

Accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship — citizenship by birth

Yes

Citizenship — citizenship by descent only

Yes

Citizenship — dual citizenship recognized

Yes

Citizenship — residency requirement for naturalization

Minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch — chief of state

King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 26 July 2021)

Executive branch — head of government

Prime Minister Mark CARNEY (since 14 March 2025)

Executive branch — cabinet

Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament

Executive branch — election/appointment process

The monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; after legislative elections, the governor general usually designates the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons as prime minister

Legislative branch — legislature name

Parliament of Canada - Parlement du Canada

Legislative branch — legislative structure

Bicameral

Legislative branch - lower chamber — chamber name

House of Commons

Legislative branch - lower chamber — number of seats

343 (all directly elected)

Legislative branch - lower chamber — electoral system

Plurality/majority

Legislative branch - lower chamber — scope of elections

Full renewal

Legislative branch - lower chamber — term in office

4 years

Legislative branch - lower chamber — most recent election date

4/28/2025

Legislative branch - lower chamber — parties elected and seats per party

Liberal Party (169); Conservative Party (144); Bloc Québécois (BQ) (22); Other (30)

Legislative branch - lower chamber — percentage of women in chamber

30.3%

Legislative branch - lower chamber — expected date of next election

October 2029

Legislative branch - upper chamber — chamber name

Senate

Legislative branch - upper chamber — number of seats

105 (all appointed)

Legislative branch - upper chamber — percentage of women in chamber

54.8%

Judicial branch — highest court(s)

Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges)

Judicial branch — judge selection and term of office

Chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75

Judicial branch — subordinate courts

Federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; Courts Martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts

Political parties

Bloc Québécois Conservative Party of Canada or CPC Green Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada New Democratic Party

Diplomatic representation in the US — chief of mission

Ambassador Kirsten HILLMAN (since 17 July 2020)

Diplomatic representation in the US — chancery

501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001

Diplomatic representation in the US — telephone

[1] (844) 880-6519

Diplomatic representation in the US — FAX

[1] (202) 682-7738

Diplomatic representation in the US — email address and website

Ccs.scc@international.gc.ca https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/us-eu/washington.aspx?lang=eng

Diplomatic representation in the US — consulate(s) general

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco, Seattle

Diplomatic representation in the US — trade office(s)

Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates General

Diplomatic representation from the US — chief of mission

Ambassador Pete HOEKSTRA (since 29 April 2025)

Diplomatic representation from the US — embassy

490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8

Diplomatic representation from the US — mailing address

5480 Ottawa Place, Washington DC 20521-5480

Diplomatic representation from the US — telephone

[1] (613) 688-5335

Diplomatic representation from the US — FAX

[1] (613) 241-7845

Diplomatic representation from the US — email address and website

OttawaNIV@state.gov https://ca.usembassy.gov/

Diplomatic representation from the US — consulate(s) general

Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver

Diplomatic representation from the US — consulate(s)

Winnipeg

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Independence

1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)

National holiday

Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

Flag

Description: two vertical bands of red on each side, with a white square between them; a large 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square meaning: the maple leaf is a national symbol

National symbol(s)

Maple leaf, beaver

National color(s)

Red, white

National coat of arms

The current design of the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada was adopted in 1921 and references the four nations that helped found Canada. England is represented with royal lions, a union flag, and a rose, and Scotland with a royal lion, a unicorn, and a thistle. Ireland’s symbols include a harp and a shamrock, and France’s symbols are a royal fleur-de-lis and a royal flag. The maple leaves are the Canadian national symbol. A red circle displays the motto Desiderantes Meliorem Patriam (Desiring a Better Country), and a blue ribbon displays A Mari usque ad Mare (From Sea to Sea).

National anthem(s) — title

"God Save the King"

National anthem(s) — lyrics/music

Unknown

National anthem(s) — history

Royal anthem, as a Commonwealth country

National heritage — total World Heritage Sites

22 (10 cultural, 11 natural, 1 mixed) (2021)

National heritage — selected World Heritage Site locales

L'Anse aux Meadows (c); Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (n); Dinosaur Provincial Park (n); Historic District of Old Quebec (c); Old Town Lunenburg (c); Wood Buffalo National Park (n); Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump (c); Gros Morne National Park (n); Pimachiowin Aki (m)

💹 Economy⬆️ Top

Economic overview

High-income economy and second-largest US trading partner; key timber, oil, and gas industries; trade uncertainties and weak business investments contributing to economic slowdown; high and growing public debt; inflation moderating but remains above target range

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) — Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$2.341 trillion (2024 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) — Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$2.305 trillion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) — Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$2.271 trillion (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate — Real GDP growth rate 2024

1.5% (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate — Real GDP growth rate 2023

1.5% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate — Real GDP growth rate 2022

4.2% (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita — Real GDP per capita 2024

$56,700 (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita — Real GDP per capita 2023

$57,500 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita — Real GDP per capita 2022

$58,300 (2022 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$2.241 trillion (2024 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) — Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

2.4% (2024 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) — Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

3.9% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) — Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

6.8% (2022 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin — agriculture

1.6% (2021 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin — industry

25.3% (2021 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin — services

66.4% (2021 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — household consumption

54.4% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — government consumption

20.9% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — investment in fixed capital

22.9% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — investment in inventories

1% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — exports of goods and services

33.3% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use — imports of goods and services

-33.3% (2023 est.)

Agricultural products

Wheat, rapeseed, maize, milk, barley, soybeans, potatoes, peas, oats, pork (2023)

Industries

Transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas

Industrial production growth rate

0% (2024 est.)

Labor force

22.868 million (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate — Unemployment rate 2024

6.5% (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate — Unemployment rate 2023

5.5% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate — Unemployment rate 2022

5.3% (2022 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) — total

13% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) — male

13.8% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) — female

12.1% (2024 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income — Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020

29.9 (2020 est.)

Average household expenditures — on food

9.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Average household expenditures — on alcohol and tobacco

3.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share — lowest 10%

3.5% (2020 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share — highest 10%

23.4% (2020 est.)

Remittances — Remittances 2024

0% of GDP (2024 est.)

Remittances — Remittances 2023

0% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances — Remittances 2022

0% of GDP (2022 est.)

Budget — revenues

$428.312 billion (2023 est.)

Budget — expenditures

$417.421 billion (2023 est.)

Public debt — Public debt 2023

61.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

13.8% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

Current account balance — Current account balance 2024

-$10.349 billion (2024 est.)

Current account balance — Current account balance 2023

-$13.764 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance — Current account balance 2022

-$6.318 billion (2022 est.)

Exports — Exports 2024

$727.831 billion (2024 est.)

Exports — Exports 2023

$724.754 billion (2023 est.)

Exports — Exports 2022

$743.782 billion (2022 est.)

Exports - partners

USA 71%, China 5%, UK 3%, Japan 2%, Mexico 2% (2023)

Exports - commodities

Crude petroleum, cars, gold, natural gas, refined petroleum (2023)

Imports — Imports 2024

$733.778 billion (2024 est.)

Imports — Imports 2023

$723.399 billion (2023 est.)

Imports — Imports 2022

$731.058 billion (2022 est.)

Imports - partners

USA 51%, China 11%, Mexico 6%, Germany 3%, Japan 3% (2023)

Imports - commodities

Cars, trucks, vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, crude petroleum (2023)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold — Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$119.778 billion (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold — Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$117.551 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold — Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$106.952 billion (2022 est.)

Exchange rates — Currency

Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar -

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2024

1.369 (2024 est.)

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2023

1.35 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2022

1.302 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2021

1.254 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2020

1.341 (2020 est.)

⚡ Energy⬆️ Top

Electricity access — electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity — installed generating capacity

161.988 million kW (2023 est.)

Electricity — consumption

555.683 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity — exports

49.444 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity — imports

21.77 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity — transmission/distribution losses

31.784 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — fossil fuels

18.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — nuclear

13.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — solar

1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — wind

6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — hydroelectricity

58.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — biomass and waste

1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Nuclear energy — Number of operational nuclear reactors

17 (2025)

Nuclear energy — Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors

12.71GW (2025 est.)

Nuclear energy — Percent of total electricity production

13.7% (2023 est.)

Nuclear energy — Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down

8 (2025)

Coal — production

50.687 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal — consumption

20.092 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal — exports

35.447 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal — imports

7.03 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal — proven reserves

6.582 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum — total petroleum production

5.688 million bbl/day (2023 est.)

Petroleum — refined petroleum consumption

2.377 million bbl/day (2024 est.)

Petroleum — crude oil estimated reserves

170.3 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Natural gas — production

194.105 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Natural gas — consumption

131.887 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Natural gas — exports

82.537 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Natural gas — imports

29.058 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Natural gas — proven reserves

2.067 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Energy consumption per capita — Total energy consumption per capita 2023

311.599 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

📡 Communications⬆️ Top

Telephones - fixed lines — total subscriptions

11 million (2024 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines — subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

28 (2024 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular — total subscriptions

37.4 million (2024 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular — subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

94 (2024 est.)

Broadcast media

2 public TV broadcasting networks, 1 in English and 1 in French, each with a large number of network affiliates; several private commercial networks, also with multiple network affiliates; a total of about 150 TV stations, accessible via multi-channel satellite and cable systems; mix of public and commercial radio, with over 1,000 licensed stations; public broadcaster Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) provides 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to ethnic populations in the north (2016)

Internet country code

.ca

Internet users — percent of population

94% (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions — total

17 million (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions — subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

43 (2023 est.)

🚚 Transportation⬆️ Top

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

C

Airports

1,459 (2025)

Heliports

506 (2025)

Railways — total

49,422 km (2021) note: 129 km electrified (2021)

Railways — standard gauge

49,422 km (2021) 1.435-m gauge

Merchant marine — total

716 (2023)

Merchant marine — by type

Bulk carrier 22, container ship 1, general cargo 78, oil tanker 15, other 600

Ports — total ports

284 (2024)

Ports — large

4

Ports — medium

14

Ports — small

58

Ports — very small

149

Ports — size unknown

59

Ports — ports with oil terminals

59

Ports — key ports

Argentia, Canaport (St. John), Halifax, Hamilton, Montreal, New Westminster, Pond Inlet, Prince Rupert, Quebec, Sept Iles, St. John, Sydney, Thunder Bay, Toronto, Trois Rivieres, Vancouver, Victoria Harbor, Windsor

🛡️ Military and Security⬆️ Top

Military and security forces

Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force (2025)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2025

2% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2024

1.5% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2023

1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2022

1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2021

1.3% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths

Approximately 75,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

The CAF's inventory is a mix of domestically produced and imported weapons systems from Australia, Europe, Israel, the UK, and the US; in recent years, the leading supplier has been the US; Canada's defense industry develops, maintains, and produces a range of equipment, including aircraft, combat vehicles, naval vessels, and associated components; it also collaborates with the defense industries of allied countries such as the UK (2025)

Military service age and obligation

17 years of age for men and women for voluntary military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; service obligation 3-9 years depending on the position (2025)

Military deployments

Approximately 2,000 Latvia (NATO); the CAF also has air and naval assets supporting NATO missions (2025)

Military - note

The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) are responsible for external security; the CAF’s core missions include detecting, deterring, and defending against threats to or attacks on Canada; the military also provides assistance to civil authorities and law enforcement as needed for such missions as counterterrorism, search and rescue, and responding to natural disasters or other major emergencies; it regularly participates in bilateral and multinational training exercises with a variety of partners, including NATO (Canada is one of the original members) and the US; the CAF also contributes to international peacekeeping, stability, humanitarian, combat, and capacity building operations, principally through NATO, but also with the UN and other security partners Canada is part of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD; established 1958); NORAD is a Canada/US bi-national military command responsible for monitoring and defending North American airspace; traditionally, a CAF officer has served as the deputy commander of NORAD; Canada’s defense relationship with the US extends back to the Ogdensburg Declaration of 1940, when the two countries formally agreed on military cooperation, including the establishment of the Permanent Joint Board on Defense (PJBD), which continues to be the highest-level bilateral defense forum between Canada and the US British troops withdrew from Canada in 1871 as part of the US-UK Treaty of Washington; following the withdrawal, the first Canadian militia, known as the Royal Canadian Regiment, was organized in 1883 to protect Canadian territory and defend British interests abroad, which it did in the South African War (1899-1902), Canada’s first overseas conflict; militia units formed the backbone of the more than 425,000 Canadian soldiers that went to Europe during World War I in what was called the Canadian Expeditionary Force; the Royal Canadian Navy was created in 1910, while the Canadian Air Force was established in 1920 and became the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1924; the Canadian Army was officially founded in 1942; a unified Canadian Armed Forces was created in 1968 (2025)

🛰️ Space⬆️ Top

Space agency/agencies

Canadian Space Agency (CSA; established 1989) (2025)

Space launch site(s)

Developing commercial space port sites in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (2025)

Space program overview

Has a national space strategy and a long history of developing space-related technologies; designs, builds, operates, and tracks communications, remote sensing (RS), multi-mission, and scientific/testing satellites; has an astronaut program; involved in the development and production of advanced communications systems, lunar rovers, planetary probes, robotics, sensors, and space telescopes; participates in international space programs, including the International Space Station, the Hubble Space Telescope, the Square Kilometer Array radio telescope, and the James Webb Space Telescope; Cooperating State of the ESA since 1979 and participates in a variety of ESA programs, such as the Copernicus Earth observation project; works with numerous foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of Argentina, Brazil, individual ESA and EU member states, Japan, India, and particularly the US; has an active commercial space sector (2025)

Key space-program milestones

1959-1962 - launched first domestically built sounding rocket (Black Brant 1); first domestically designed and built satellite (Alouette) launched by US 1972-1973 - first domestic communications satellites (Anik A-1 and Anik A-2) launched by US, making Canada first country to employ satellites for domestic communications 1970s - began participating in US Space Shuttle (first Canadian in space on Shuttle in 1984) and US Mars probe/exploration programs 1995 - first Canadian-built, radar-capable remote sensing satellite (Radarsat-1) launched by US 2019 - began participating in US/NASA Lunar Gateway orbital station program; launched constellation of remote sensing satellites (RADARSAT Constellation Mission) 2020 - signed the US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration (active participant in planned Moon missions under the Artemis program)

🚨 Terrorism⬆️ Top

Terrorist group(s)

Hizballah; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

🌐 Transnational Issues⬆️ Top

Refugees and internally displaced persons — refugees

561,551 (2024 est.)

Refugees and internally displaced persons — IDPs

1,981 (2024 est.)

Refugees and internally displaced persons — stateless persons

8,166 (2024 est.)

Illicit drugs — USG identification

Major precursor-chemical producer (2025)