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Communications |
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Economy |
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Environment.Climate.text |
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sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; … |
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Environment.Environmental issues.text |
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Natural and man-made changes to the ocean's physical, chemical, and biological systems |
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Environment.International environmental agreements.text |
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the Southern Ocean is subject to all international agreements regarding the world's oceans; in addition, it is subject to these agreements specific to the Antarctic region: International Whaling Commission (prohibits co… |
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Environment.Marine fisheries.text |
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the Southern Ocean fishery is relatively small with a total catch of 388,901 mt in 2021; the Food and Agriculture Organization has delineated three regions in the Southern Ocean (Regions 48, 58, 88) that generally encom… |
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Geography.Area - comparative.text |
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slightly more than twice the size of the US |
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Geography.Area.note |
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note: includes Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, part of the Drake Passage, Ross Sea, a small part of the Scotia Sea, Weddell Sea, and other tributary water bodies |
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Geography.Area.total .text |
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21.96 million sq km |
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Geography.Bathymetry.abyssal plains.text |
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the following are examples of features on the abyssal plains of the Southern Ocean (see Figures 2, 3, and 4): Amundsen (Abyssal) Plain Enderby (Abyssal) Plain South Indian/Australian-Antarctic Basin Southeast Pacific/Be… |
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Geography.Bathymetry.atolls.text |
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none, due to the extremely cold water |
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Geography.Bathymetry.continental shelf.text |
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the following are examples of features on the continental shelf of the Southern Ocean (see Figure 2): Astrid Ridge (see also Figure 4) Belgrano Bank Gunnerus Ridge (see also Figure 4) Hayes Bank Iselin Bank |
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Geography.Bathymetry.continental slope.text |
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the following are examples of features on the continental slope of the Southern Ocean (see Figure 2): Amery Basin (Figure 4) Filchner Trough Hillary Canyon Pobeda Canyon (Figure 3) |
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Geography.Bathymetry.mid-ocean ridge.text |
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the following are examples of mid-ocean ridges on the floor of the Southern Ocean (see Figure 2): Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (Figure 3) |
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Geography.Bathymetry.ocean trenches.text |
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the following are examples of ocean trenches on the floor of the Southern Ocean (see Figure 2): South Sandwich Trench (Figure 4; the deepest location in the Southern Ocean) |
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Geography.Bathymetry.undersea terrain features.text |
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the following are examples of undersea terrain features on the floor of the Southern Ocean (see Figure 2): Akopov Seamounts (Figure 3) De Gerlache Seamounts (see also Figure 3, 4) Endurance Ridge (Figure 4) Marie Byrd S… |
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Geography.Climate.text |
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sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; … |
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Geography.Coastline.text |
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17,968 km |
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Geography.Elevation.highest point.text |
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sea level |
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Geography.Elevation.lowest point.text |
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southern end of the South Sandwich Trench -7,434 m unnamed deep |
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Geography.Elevation.mean depth.text |
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-3,270 m |
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Geography.Elevation.ocean zones.text |
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the ocean is divided into three zones based on depth and light level; sunlight entering the water may travel about 1,000 m into the oceans under the right conditions, but there is rarely any significant light below 200 … |
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Geography.Geographic coordinates.text |
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60 00 S, 90 00 E (nominally), but the Southern Ocean has the unique distinction of being a large circumpolar body of water totally encircling the continent of Antarctica; this ring of water lies between 60 degrees south… |
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Geography.Geography - note.text |
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the major chokepoint is the Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica; the Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence) is the best natural definition of the northern extent of the Southern Ocean; it is a distinct regio… |
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Geography.Location.text |
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body of water between 60 degrees south latitude and Antarctica |
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Geography.Major ocean currents.text |
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the cold, clockwise-flowing Antarctic Circumpolar Current (West Wind Drift; 21,000 km long) moves perpetually eastward around the continent and is the world's largest and strongest ocean current, transporting 130 millio… |
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Geography.Map references.text |
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Antarctic Region |
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Geography.Natural hazards.text |
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huge icebergs with drafts up to several hundred meters; smaller bergs and iceberg fragments; sea ice (generally 0.5 to 1 m thick) with sometimes dynamic short-term variations and with large annual and interannual variat… |
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Geography.Natural resources.text |
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probable large oil and gas fields on the continental margin; manganese nodules, possible placer deposits, sand and gravel, fresh water as icebergs; krill, fish |
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Geography.Ocean volume.ocean volume.text |
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71.8 million cu km |
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Geography.Ocean volume.percent of World Ocean total volume.text |
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5.4% |
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Government.Country name.etymology.text |
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the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) has not formally adopted the definition of the Southern Ocean as the waters south of 60 degrees south; the definition, however, was circulated in a draft edition of the … |
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Introduction.Background.text |
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A large body of recent oceanographic research has shown that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), an ocean current that flows from west to east around Antarctica, plays a crucial role in global ocean circulation. Th… |
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Transnational Issues |
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Transportation.Transportation - note.text |
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Drake Passage offers alternative to transit through the Panama Canal - X |
